City Planning Review（2022.8）

♦ FROM SPACE CONFLICT TO SPACE INTEGRATION: TERRITORIAL SPACE MANAGEMENT OPTIMIZATION AND PLANNING RESPONSE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MAN-LAND COUPLING

Author：ZHAI Duanqiang

ABSTRACT: Under the goal of national governance modernization, space management, which attaches importance to the overall balance of multiple values of land and resources, is an important measure to improve space governance capacity and achieve high-level governance. Firstly, this paper traces the source of space conflict based on the analysis of China’s territorial space management system, and makes a simulation analysis and demonstration of territorial space conflict from the perspective of departmental game. It finds that the essence of space conflict is the non-cooperative game of various planning departments in terms of the development right of land and resources. Secondly, the paper further analyzes the internal relationship between man-land coupling and space integration and puts forward the space management optimization interpretation framework and planning response based on the idea of space integration, so as to provide guidance for various departments to clarify their powers and promote planning departments to move from game to cooperation. Finally, it conducts a discussion from the three aspects of logical cognition, method transformation, and paradigm evolution, in order to better incorporate territorial space management into the new national governance system.

KEYWORDS: territorial space management; departmental game; space conflict; man-land coupling; space integration

♦ RESEARCH ON THE GOVERNANCE PREDICAMENT OF THE INVENTORY PLANNING IN DEVELOPED REGIONS OF CHINA: AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

Author：GUO Xu

ABSTRACT: The developed area of east China has taken the lead in entering the era of inventory planning. As the prototype and early practice of territorial planning, the analysis on the governance crisis of the inventory planning is of great theoretical and practical significance to the research on the predicament in territorial planning reform. This paper establishes an analytical framework of “state governance-land development right-governance crisis” and uses Shanghai as an example, which is the first city to implement the inventory planning in China. The research finds that: （1） with the tension between the unity of from-top-to-bottom policy and the efficiency of local governance, the phenomena of non-institutionalization, low-efficiency operation, and unofficial governance frequently appear in the space governance; （2） the essence of inventory planning is the redistribution of land development rights, and neglecting the corresponding reform in land property rights could hamper the implementation of territorial planning while leading to an unbalanced socio-economic development in a region; （3） great attention should be attached to the corresponding reform in land property rights in the territory and spatial planning system. Finally, this paper forecasts the prospects of the land development rights and the reform in land system.

KEYWORDS: inventory planning; governance predicament; territorial planning; state governance; land development right

♦ TRANSFORMATION AND REALIZATION OF ECONOMIC-ECOLOGICAL VALUE OF LAND USE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MONETIZATION: A CASE STUDY OF DAPENG NEW AREA IN SHENZHEN

Author：HUANG Rourou

ABSTRACT: Exploring the transformation between the economic value and the ecological value of land use and achieving a balance between the interests of economic development and environmental protection are the new tasks faced by land use during the construction of ecological civilization and the high-quality urbanization. From the perspective of monetization, this paper uses the GDP-GEP estimation framework to conduct a monetary evaluation on the economic and ecological values of land use in Dapeng New Area, Shenzhen. Then it reveals the quantitative transformation between the economic value and the ecological value of land use from 2013 to 2019 with the application of the land use conversion matrix. The results show that by use of the GDP-GEP estimation framework, the economic value and the ecological value of land use are compared through the monetization of value. Based on the characteristics of transformation between the economic value and the ecological value of land use, the paper points out that a balanced and coordinated relationship between economic development and environmental protection in the new urbanization period can be achieved from two perspectives: total land use value management and unblocked channels for the transformation of land use values.

KEYWORDS: land use; monet izat ion of value; Gross Ecosystem Product （GEP）； value transformation; Dapeng New Area

♦ A DISCUSSION ON THE BALANCE OF RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY OF SPATIAL PLANNING AMENDMENT SYSTEM

Author：LIU Jianxiao

ABSTRACT: Planning schemes usually are formulated based on the optimal conditions of the here and now. However, the continuous changes in the objective world would make the seemingly scientific and reasonable schemes outdated, and the static ideal blueprint is challenging to be realized in reality. Therefore, amendments are essential to correct a development deviation not aligned with the planning intention. Given the above, the article identifies the characteristics of planning rigidity and elasticity and argues that elasticity is becoming an important tool for dynamic planning, contributing to the best fit between planning and development. As a foothold for planning to lead city development, rigidity remains critical, and the identification of its connotations determines the ability of planning to coordinate development. Then, the article summarizes three problems of the current planning amendment system: the imbalance between rigidity and efficiency, the dissonance between flexibility and authority, and the disproportionate measurement of interests. Lastly, based on the mandatory content, the article designs a planning amendment system that balances rigidity and elasticity.

KEYWORDS: planning amendment; system design; spatial planning; dynamic equilibrium

♦ COEXISTENCE OF VIRTUALITY AND REALITY: DIFFERENTIATION OF URBAN CENTRAL SYSTEM UNDER THE IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE

Author：SHI Beixiang

ABSTRACT: The development of e-commerce has led to the rapid expansion of online consumption, and has formed an impact on the traditional central system based on spatial location. The interaction between the virtual consumption on the internet and the physical consumption space has produced differentiation of the central system, which is reflected in the relocation of the logistics center, the differentiation of featured functions, the change of industrial types, and so on. Based on this, taking Nanjing as an example, with the help of POI big data, this paper studies the layout and structure of the urban virtual consumption center and the physical consumption center, finds the differentiation of the urban central system and the mutual interweaving of the virtual consumption center and the physical consumption center, and further reveals the characteristic laws of the continuous polarization of the main center, the differentiation of professional sub centers and special functions, and the continuous emergence of small centers, which provides reference for the planning of urban public service system under the impact of e-commerce.

KEYWORDS: virtual consumption center; physical consumption center; urban central system; differentiation

♦ EMPOWERING SPATIAL REPRODUCTION: THE “SHARING” PLANNING OF OLD URBAN COMMUNITY REGENERATION BASED ON XINGUIDONG COMMUNITY IN XINDU DISTRICT OF CHENGDU

Author：ZHAO Ke; YANG Yue; LI Jielian

ABSTRACT: At present, the old community regeneration and redevelopment practices, dominated by property developer, government, or residents respectively, reveal a number of deficiencies. The capital-oriented model leads to the replacement of spatial function and causes the expulsion of original inhabitants, the loss of community culture, and the decline of community spirit. In terms of the government-led model, the effects of renovation measures are often unsustainable due to both lack of communication with residents to confirm actual demands and the limitation of supply capability. Similarly, in terms of the residents-led model, the trust relationship and consultation modalities between residents based on affection and value identity might be easily broken down by interests. In response to these problems, this paper conducts a case study on the Xinguidong Community located in the core region of the old town of Xindu District in Chengdu, and comprehensively uses the three theories of Henri Lefebvre’s “space production”， David Harvey’s “resource and power sharing”， and Eleanor Ostrom’s “self-governance”。 Through the analysis of the power structure and space production orientation, the paper puts forward a regeneration planning paradigm which is aimed at empowering spatial reproduction and achieving sustainable regeneration of old communities. Based on this, it proposes that, regarding the renovation of an old community as a space reproduction process and the daily life practice as a resource, the space should be organized in line with the concept of sharing and the regeneration process should involve multi-participants on the basis of self-governance and co-construction and a distinct relationship of rights, responsibilities, and interests of sharing space.

KEYWORDS: old community; regeneration plan; space right; spatial reproduction

♦ DILEMMA OF EXISTING BUILDING RENOVATION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR INSTITUTIONAL OPTIMIZATION: TAKING NON-RESIDENTIAL HOUSING RENOVATED TO RENTAL HOUSING AS AN EXAMPLE

Author：ZHOU Boying; YU Meng

ABSTRACT：The focus of urban development in China has shifted from greenfield-based expansion to redevelopment renewal, However, existing policies and regulations mainly focus on incremental control, making it difficult to be applied on inventory renewal. Taking non-residential housing renovated to rental housing as an example, the “transaction costs” of “building function change” urban renewal are higher than “renewal benefits”， because of the lack of legal channels for the change of land use indicators, and the difficulty in meeting the acceptance standards for the fire prevention after renovation. Therefore, despite the high demand for renovation, the benefits of renewal are limited and related market is lack of motivation. Based on the theory of new institutional economics, this paper studies the issues behind the high transaction costs of “building function change” renewal projects, and holds that in the era of inventory renewal, it is necessary to transform from the single “incremental space control” to the “comprehensive capacity control” of urban governance, from making “plans” to making “rules”， from the “segmented” management to the “coordinated” management of multiple stock holders, etc.

KEYWORDS：function changes; renewal transaction costs; system rules; overall coordination; comprehensive governance

♦ EXPLORATIONS ON THE EVOLUTION PROCESS AND EFFECTIVE OPERATION OF CITY EXAMINATION ASSESSMENT: A PERSPECTIVE OF PUBLIC POLICY PROCESS

Author：ZHAO Min; ZHANG Xuchen

ABSTRACT: This paper first introduces the theory of public policy process and policy assessment, and explains its significance in city examination assessment. Then, with a diachronic method, the paper systematically reviews and analyzes the evolution process from “planning implementation assessment” to “city examination assessment” and the separation of the “city examination assessment” organized by the Ministry of Natural Resource from the “city examination” organized by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. In addition, the paper compares the objectives, indicator systems, and operation status of the two Ministries’ tasks, and explores the differences and internal consistencies between them. In the end, the paper discusses how to improve the effectiveness of the city examination assessment, and puts forward some suggestions on developing a unified city examination assessment framework based on common policy goals and establishing an indicator system for city examination assessment that contains not only general indicators but also customized ones based on the guidance of city government, cooperation between different departments, and combination of internal and external assessments.

KEYWORDS: public policy process; assessment of urban planning implementation; mechanism of city examination assessment; operation efficiency

♦ RESEARCH ON THE IMPACT OF URBAN STREET PATTERN ON TRAFFIC SAFETY: A CASE STUDY OF WUHAN CITY

Author：XIE Bo; LING Changlong; WANG Lan

ABSTRACT: Exploring the relationship between street pattern and traffic accidents will help improve street planning and design methods from the perspective of traffic safety. This paper employs the street layout form and design to depict the characteristics of street pattern, and uses the negative binomial regression model to explore the impact of street patterns on severe crashes in the 567 traffic analysis zones and 13,964 accidents in the main urban area of Wuhan, by controlling the traffic volume, land use, and the accessibility of facilities as covariates. Furthermore, the paper examines the differences in the impact of street design features on severe crashes based on four street layout forms, in turn, proposes planning strategies for different street patterns. Results show that the betweenness centrality, the average area of street blocks, the density of secondary roads and branch roads are negatively related to the number of severe traffic accidents, while the number of entrances and exits, motor vehicle lanes, and the street height-to-width ratio are positively associated with severe traffic accidents. In the end, the paper puts forward the strategies for improving the design of specific street elements under different street patterns, so as to improve street safety.

KEYWORDS: traffic safety; street pattern; street layout form; street design feature; street safety planning

♦ A STUDY ON PLANNING, ZONING, AND ZONING CODES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF LINGUISTICS

Author：CHEN Lu; ZHOU Jianyun

ABSRTACT: The land use code used in regulatory detailed plan in China and the zoning code of the US are both symbols on the land use map. The two forms are similar, but their meanings are different and easy to be confused. Based on linguistics and Guttenberg’s planning linguistics perspective, this paper explains the deep logic of planning and zoning, analyzes differences in the meaning between the land use code and the zoning code, reveals the inherent contradictions, difficulties, and problems of the land use code. Combining the development and evolution experience of American zoning code system, this paper expounds the internal technical logic of the zoning code system from the composition and meaning of the zoning code system. Zoning code system is the linguistic form of zoning result and the combination of zoning and zoning rule. It is advisable to deepen the connotation of zoning, improve the prescriptive function of the land use code, establish the regulation system centered on the land use zoning and an extensible linguistic system of zoning code under the background of spatial planning, so as to realize the technical transformation from plot regulation to zoning regulation.

KEYWORDS：linguistics; zoning; zoning code; land use code; regulation

♦ RESEARCH ON URBAN FORM IN WESTERN COUNTRIES AND ITS INSPIRATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PLOT

Author：ZHANG Jian; TIAN Yinsheng; GU Kai; FAN Yiyi

ABSTRACT：Since the reform of the market economy in 1978, the importance of land ownership to the development and modification of Chinese urban form has been increasingly manifested. Recently, as the basic unit of land ownership division, plot has drawn more and more attention from Chinese academics. In Western countries, the marketization of urban land has a long history and the institution of land ownership is extremely stable. The specific cultural and academic environment accumulated on this basis is conducive to the further development of urban form research at the micro level of plot. From the perspective of plot, this paper attempts to systematically review the origin, fundamental thoughts, core concepts and terminologies, as well as empirical research progress of urban form research, mainly originating in Western countries, particularly the UK and Germany, and further points out the distinctions and gaps between China and the West, in order to provide enlightenment to the exploration of theories and methods applicable to Chinese cultural and regional environment.

KEYWORDS：land ownership; plot; urban form; Western countries

♦ FINDING ZHU JIEPING: A PIONEER OF PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING AND CITY PLANNING IN MODERN CHINA

Author：YANG Yuzhen

ABSTRACT：ZHU Jieping (ZHU Taixin) (1898- 1964) was an insightful, speculative, and creative figure in the municipal development process in modern China. This article analyzes scattered historical fragments and relates ZHU’s life through three major stages: study in Tangshan University of the Ministry of Communications (1898-1924), study in Britain and France (1925-1929), and work after returning China (1930-1949). It aims to reveal the formation process of ZHU’s concept of public health engineering, and urban planning idea and practice. Deeply influenced by Patrick Geddes’ thoughts, ZHU Jieping deemed that classification was the beginning of scientific research, and the conclusion of classification should be synthesis, holistically looking at the development of things. ZHU Jieping was ambitious and could creatively apply abstract knowledge according to real conditions. He is a pioneer of public health engineering and city planning in modern China.

KEYWORDS：public health engineering; city planning in modern China; knowledge and power; Patrick Geddes