City Planning Review（2022.7）

♦ A GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE PARK CITY INDEX

Author:SHI Nan; WANG Bo; QU Changhong; HU Bin

ABSTRACT: “Park City” is an innovative practice of China’s ecological civilization construction at the city scale, which, different from the traditional ecological city concept, gives more prominence to fair sharing of the city, promotes the transformation of ecological values, and improves the level of people’s well-being. In January 2022, the State Council officially approved the construction of park city demonstration zone in Chengdu applying the new development philosophy, marking the formal entry of park city into the demonstration and promotion stage. With the aim to upgrade the rich experience accumulated in the early exploration of Chengdu and Tianfu New Area into a universal guiding scheme for the transformation and development of urban systems in the era of ecological civilization, a set of mild, inclusive, and technically guiding city evaluation index, e.g., the Park City Index, has been established. The core part of the index system is the framework of “one goal, five fields, and fifteen indexes”， which ensures that, with distinct value orientation, the park city will develop as is planned under diversified practice paths, so as to provide support for the application and popularization of the park city concept.

KEYWORDS: development of ecological civilization; park city; city evaluation index; value orientation

♦ TEXT ANALYSIS AND CONCEPT TRANSFORMATION OF DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF URBAN MASTER PLANS OF CHONGQING

Author:YANG Di

ABSTRACT: Text is an important information carrier guiding the spatial practice in urban master planning. This paper adopts the discourse analysis method to study the texts of four versions of urban master plans of Chongqing since the 1980s. Through an analysis on concept and content, word frequency and semantic network, and value orientation, the paper studies the discourse characteristics and transformation process of Chongqing’s urban master plans in different periods. In addition, several experts who have participated in the formulation of the urban master plans are interviewed. Comparing the interview content with text analysis, it is found that the research conclusions of text analysis are consistent with the experts’ cognitive perceptions of Chongqing’s urban master plans. In the end, combining the discussions on spatial production and knowledge production, the paper concludes that concept transformation shown in the texts of Chongqing’s urban master plans is influenced by the changes in the spatial production mechanism and the knowledge domain.

KEYWORDS: text of urban master plan of Chongqing; text analysis; discourse analysis; concept transformation

♦ URBAN VENTILATION CORRIDOR PLANNING IN HILLY AREAS: A CASE STUDY ON URBAN DESIGN PIVOT ZONE IN GUANGZHOU

Author:WU Yihan; ZHAN Qingming

ABSTRACT: The near-ground wind environment in hilly cities often displays a distinct flow regime compared with that in a city situated on a flat terrain. To alleviate poor ventilation, urban heat island effect, and pollutant accumulation problems induced by the particular topographic structure in hilly areas, this paper develops a new systematic approach to delineate urban ventilation corridors, with the urban design pivot zone in Guangzhou as the research area. This research employs a composite frontal area density index to quantify urban ventilation potentials, and proposes a new least cost path approach to derive regional ventilation corridors when different wind directions were considered. The regional ventilation corridors are classified into various classes according to their width and their consistency with the predominant wind directions. Moreover, from a local perspective, it identifies the cold-air reservoir areas, cold-air impact areas, and the buffer zones in-between them based on Kress and Sievers’s cold-air exchange theory. The research thus develops an integral urban ventilation planning scheme that synthesizes both regional and local airflow dynamics, which may facilitate and empower the implementation of fine-scale urban ventilation management.

KEYWORDS: hilly area; urban microclimate; ventilation corridor; local circulation; urban planning informatization

♦ ECO-CAPITALIZATION: THE THIRD CIRCULATION OF URBAN-RURAL INTEGRATION

Author:GAO Huizhi

ABSTRACT: In the context that China’s urban-rural dual system is guided by urban growth for a long time, rural decline has become an unavoidable issue. To some extent, urban and rural coordination is the “No. 1 issue” concerning the success or failure of modernization in China. However, previous urban-rural integration practices failed to provide any effective way to solve problems like insufficient sustainability, universality, and subjectivity in rural areas. Therefore, this paper aims to systematically demonstrate that eco-capitalization can be considered as a significant reconstruction of development paradigms, which is better than Economies of Scale, Differential Rent or Consumption Growth. It may become a sustainable, universal, and active factor to promote urban-rural integration. Besides, the implementation path of eco-capitalization is provided as an initiative to promote urban-rural integration, which enhances its feasibility in terms of institutional design, spatial planning and governance reconstruction.

KEYWORDS: eco-capitalization; urban-rural integration; basic logic; implementation pat

♦ INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATION LOGIC OF URBAN SPATIAL USE REGULATION DURING THE STOCK-BASED DEVELOPMENT PERIOD

Author:ZHOU Lin

ABSTRACT: Domestic cities have already entered the era of stock-based renewal from the era of incremental expansion. More and more cities will count on the existing construction land to realize space resource supply, and the revenue for urban development will shift from rent to tax. Is the current “detailed planning + planning permit” method of land use regulation suitable for the new era? This paper conducts issue-oriented research on it. On the basis of interpreting the transformation logic of the urban development stage, this paper analyzes the essence and problems of the current regulation system of stock space resources, and then interprets the unsuitability in terms of both efficiency and fairness with the basic theories and methods of microeconomics. Based on the goal of “Efficient Market and Effective Government”， this paper uses the Cobweb Model to divide the stock space into space products of rigid demand and elastic demand, and then proposes the transformation directions and supporting policies of the spatial use regulation system, hoping to provide basic reflections for the transformation direction and its theoretical basis.

KEYWORDS: urban renewal; spatial use regulation; land development rights; institutional transformation; microeconomics

♦ RE-NARRATION THROUGH FAMILY RATIONALITY AND THE CAPITALIZATION OF EDUCATION: A MICRO PERSPECTIVE OF FAMILIES, INSTITUTIONS, AND SPACE DURING COUNTY URBANIZATION

Author:SHI Dehao

ABSTRACT: County urbanization represents a microcosm of urbanization transformation in current China. The introduction of family perspective provides micro-level thinking for the analysis of urbanization. First, this article clarifies the concept of family in Chinese through comparative analysis and establishes an analysis framework of China’s family migration. Based on the re-narration of urbanization process in post-reform China through family rationality, this article points out that people flowing into counties could be regarded as the inevitable response under the current transitional environment. Meanwhile, the rising demand for education caused by family rationality and the resource polarization during the county urbanization jointly promoted the capitalization of education, which also reshaped the spatial growth of counties. Taking Tonglu County in Zhejiang Province as the empirical case, this article demonstrates the resource polarization, family response, institution design, and space representation in the process of county urbanization. Finally, it is proposed that the urbanization of counties may realize spatial anchoring effect in intergenerational mobility and form an urban-rural ternary structure of “grandfather-father-grandson” and “township-county-city”。 Meanwhile, it also warns of the risks of county gentrification that may arise from the capitalization of education, and provides appropriate advice for subsequent county planning and construction.

KEYWORDS: county urbanization; family rationality; capitalization of education; urban-rural ternary structure

FROM “EFFICIENCY FIRST” TO “CONSIDERING EQUILIBRIUM”： NETWORK SPACE AND PLANNING GUIDANCE OF GLOBAL FACTOR FLOW IN YANGTZE RIVER DELTA URBAN AGGLOMERATION

Author:WANG Yao

ABSTRACT: Facing the trend of international anti-globalization, China has made great efforts to build a new development pattern of “double circulation” and put forward the strategy of comprehensively expanding the opening up. Global factors are still the key to the development of urban agglomeration. Shifting the global factor flow from “efficiency first” to “considering equilibrium” will help to solve the problem of “unbalanced and insufficient” development of urban agglomeration and ultimately realize regional common prosperity. This paper uses the international mobile roaming data and the data of the world’s top 500 enterprises to identify the global factor flow of urban agglomeration. By formulating the theoretical analysis framework of “attribute-network”， this paper analyzes the cyberspace and influencing factors of the global factor flow of urban agglomeration. It is found that, first, the unbalanced network dominated by a few key nodes significantly enhances the global factor circulation efficiency, but at the expense of the balanced development of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration; second, the flow of global factors is affected by the characteristics of urban attributes such as industry, market, innovation, system and facilities. The regional differences of urban attributes lead to the difficulty of spontaneous “equilibrium” flow of global factors that unilaterally pursue “efficiency first”。 Finally, it puts forward planning guidance strategies from four aspects: metropolitan area, innovation space, infrastructure, and policy guidance.

KEYWORDS: global elements; equilibrium; efficiency; flow of space; influencing factors; the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration

♦ SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF URBAN FRINGE IN THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD: DEVELOPMENT LOGIC REFLECTION AND PLANNING RESPONSE MECHANISM

Author:LIANG Chen

ABSTRACT: China has entered a new transitional period of development, and the logic of urban-rural spatial organization is changing accordingly. As the most sensitive area in the interaction between urban and rural systems, the urban fringe presents a typical feature of spatial differentiation. However, the inadaptability of the classic planning paradigm has led to increasingly intensified spatial contradictions. Accordingly, this paper, first of all, summarizes the spatial evolution trend of the urban fringe, i.e., opening of outer edge, hollowing of interior space, and diversification of spatial elements. Furthermore, the paper clarifies the spatial mapping rules between the spatial representation and the logic of socio-economic development, including the infiltration of the spatial system caused by urban-rural integration, the reconstruction of the driving mechanism brought by growth transition, and the renewal of spatial function driven by resource allocation. On this basis, it proposes the planning response mechanism of “urban-rural relation reconstruction, dynamic process guidance, spatial structure optimization, and multi-actor coordination”， to address the limitations of the classical planning paradigm. Through the dual transformation of cognition and action paradigm, this paper provides support for land and resources planning and high-quality development in the urban fringe.

KEYWORDS: urbanization; urban fringe; spatial evolution; planning response; urban-rural coordination

♦ RESEARCH ON THE ZONING CODE AND USE REGULATION OF DETAILED PLANNING IN THE TERRITORIAL PLANNING SYSTEM

Author:QI Dongjin; ZHOU Jianyun; LI Xian; CHEN Hao

ABSTRACT: Detailed planning in the territorial planning system has the dual functions of implementation and control. As detailed planning is the tool of “bottom line control” and “zoning guidance” in territorial planning, it is urgent to explore the technical route of use regulation for detailed planning. This paper analyzes the differences and relationships among “zones”， “groups”， and “classifications” of the control tool, and develops control rules based on use zoning, land use, and building use by drawing on the technical experience of zoning control in international cities. Emphasis is laid on the internal relationship between control objectives and elements to improve the whole use regulation system from planning compilation to the built environment management. The zoning code can be applied to the current single-layer detailed planning, or combine with the “unit-block” hierarchical compilation system to establish a “city-district” hierarchical management mechanism and optimize power division and management process of detailed planning.

KEYWORDS: territorial planning; detailed planning; zoning; use regulation

♦ IDENTIFICATION AND DRIVING MECHANISM OF HOLLOW TRADITIONAL VILLAGE CHARACTERIZED BY HOUSING-INDUSTRY SEPARATION: A CASE STUDY OF DONGCUN VILLAGE IN SUZHOU

Author:ZHU Yujia; WANG Degen; ZHOU Guoyan

ABSTRACT: Traditional villages are the main carrier of the homesickness. But rural hollowing and the consequent decline of rural living environment have posed serious challenges to the protection of tangible cultural heritage and traditional folklore. Taking the case of Dongcun Village in Jinting Town of Suzhou, this paper analyzes the characteristics and driving mechanism of hollow village from the perspective of housing-industry relationship based on the questionnaire survey data of households. The study aims to provide inspiration for the governance of hollow traditional villages. The research finds that the housing hollowing in Dongcun Village shows three characteristics of “one household with multiple houses”， “one house owned by multiple households”， and “historic buildings in need of repair”。 The industry hollowing is manifested in two characteristics, i.e., rural-to-urban migration of young people for employment opportunities and the aging and weakening of agricultural laborers. The identification result shows that the hollowing-out characterized by the housing-industry separation in Dongcun Village is reflected in three types, which include the hollowing out of both housing and industry, housing ownership without industry, and industry ownership without housing. The main driving forces are as follows. On the one hand, the gap of income level and job opportunities between urban and rural areas formed the migration towards the city, the backward rural industry and the burden of supporting families in the countryside pushed villagers out, and they together prompted the rural hollowing. On the other hand, in the context of the urban-rural dual system of land and social security in China, it also drove the migrant workers to return to village for housing. But it is hard for villagers to demolish the old houses and build new ones at the original site because of the strict protection policy for historic buildings and the original ownership shared by multiple households. That means the characteristics and driving mechanism of housing hollowing in traditional villages are different from general villages. Besides, the convenient transportation in the suburbs of the large city also exacerbated the housing-industry separation between rural and urban area, leading to hollowing out of both housing and industry in the village.

KEYWORDS: traditional village; identification of rural hollowing; housing-industry separation; driving mechanism; Dongcun Village in Suzhou

♦ RESEARCH ON THE LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS AND VALUES OF TRADITIONAL SETTLEMENTS IN GULAO WATERSIDE SETTLEMENT

Author:PAN Ying; WU Qi; SHI Ying

ABSTRACT：Gulao Waterside Settlement is a unique example of landscape pattern of “waterside lowland” with scattered villages in Lingnan Water Area, and is also the only waterside settlement with a natural texture surrounding the piers （weidun-based waterside settlement） in the area. This paper uses the interdisciplinary research methods of settlement geography, historical geography, landscape architecture, etc., to analyze the landscape characteristics of Gulao Waterside Settlement by starting from the formation of historical landscape. Then the paper studies the landscape values of Gulao Waterside Settlement from industrial, ecological, cultural, and social perspectives, explores the importance of it as the only weidun-based waterside settlement in the historical and cultural heritage, and puts forward suggestions for the sustainable development and historical landscape protection of the waterside settlement in the future.

KEYWORDS：Gulao Waterside Settlement; weidun-based waterside settlement; traditional settlements; landscape formation; landscape characteristics; landscape value