City Planning Review（2021.3）

♦ Regeneration

Author: SHI Nan

♦ THE ITERATIVE LAW OF NEW INFRASTRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION

Author: WU Zhiqiang; HE Rui; XU Haowen; FENG Tianxin; ZHANG Shaohan; YANG Ting

ABSTRACT: This paper carries out a tracking study on China’s new infrastructure construction policies as well as the new infrastructure construction practices in the development of smart cities in different countries since 2015. Based on literature review and summarization of the seven waves of city technology development, the paper clearly points out that “new infrastructure construction” is the whole process of the infrastructure construction, operation, and management driven by the new generation of city technology, with three basic characteristics. Then, according to the logic of “technology iteration–application in cities–spatial node–network system–effect on cities”, the paper analyzes the infrastructure constructions corresponding to the seven waves of city technologies and the spatial types of various infrastructures. Taking Shanghai as an example, the paper analyzes the iteration process of the network system of city infrastructure and its impacts on city development. With smart city as the application scenario and space carrier of new infrastructure construction, this paper points out that the iterative development of infrastructure provides an opportunity to rebuild the modern governance system, and also puts forward three suggestions for the creation of an innovative ecological environment in the new infrastructure construction.

KEYWORDS: new infrastructure construction; technology; iteration; spatial node; smart city

♦ TYPES, OBSTACLES, AND GOVERNANCE PATHS OF REGIONAL COOPERATION IN THE YANGTZE RIVER DELTA

Author: CHEN Wen; YANG Liuqing; ZHANG Peng; SUN Wei

ABSTRACT: Since the implementation of the Yangtze River Delta regional integration development strategy, regional cooperation in the Yangtze River Delta has become more diversified, with more diversified dynamics and remarkable results. This study finds that no matter what the forms and content of regional cooperation projects are, they will more or less encounter the obstacles of administrative division in the actual process to successful cooperation. These obstacles can basically be decomposed into problems of adverse selection or moral hazard. In response to different problems, adopting different countermeasures is conducive to achieving cost-sharing-benefit-sharing cooperation. Thematic regional cooperation can overcome the adverse selection problem of information asymmetry through the establishment of inter-city joint meetings to form a normalized communication mechanism; through the development of interest negotiation, the uncooperative ethics caused by the inconsistent willingness of cooperation and the difficulty of cost-benefit balance between the two parties can be dealt with. Cross-border cooperation parks also involve continuous cost input and benefit sharing. At present, it is mainly through the establishment of a cost-sharing and benefit-sharing cooperation mechanism to alleviate the moral hazard caused by lack of legal effects of the cooperation agreement. In adjacent regional cooperation, the establishment of entity coordination agencies to promote regional cooperation may have two results: one is that administrative orders drive the implementation of cooperation, which is efficient but easily causes local “delayed” resistance; the other is repeated interest negotiation to achieve a relatively balanced interest of all parties, the transaction cost is high but more effective, but which one is more efficient remains to be seen in the future.

KEYWORDS: Yangtze River Delta; regional cooperation; regional governance; adverse selection; moral hazard

♦ THOUGHTS ON CROSS-REGIONAL COMPREHENSIVE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING IN THE NEW ERA

Author: YANG Tao

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the background and significance of the construction of the ideal territorial space, the interactive relationship between the comprehensive transportation and the ideal territorial space, and the necessity and importance of drawing up the cross-regional comprehensive transportation system planning, before putting forward the main ideas, technical routes, and organization and implementation suggestions of the cross-regional comprehensive transportation system planning.

KEYWORDS: ideal territorial space; cross-regional comprehensive transportation; planning

♦ DETAILED PLAN AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE STUDY

Author: HOU Li; YU Hong

ABSTRACT: As an international comparative study, this paper analyzes the similarities and differences in the historical development, institutional tradition, social demands, and local governance models of the so-called “statutory detailed plans” which serve as a legal ground for administrative planning permissions in different countries, such as the zoning in the US, the local plan in the UK, and the B-Plan in Germany. Through such an analysis, the paper argues that the logic of local governance varies greatly despite that the technical components of these detailed plans look similar to each other, so that it can better serve the shifting paradigm of local development and state interventions across times. The neo-detailed plan, as it is defined under the territorial planning reform starting from 2018 in China, shall be seen not only as a technical means of spatial planning, but also as a major social platform for the formulation of spatial policies. In the end, the paper further gives considerations to the division of state and local functions, the choice of delegating planning power to which level of “local” governments for making spatial policies, the differentiated requirements on controlling or promoting development, as well as the needs to develop a balanced structure to accommodate rigidity and flexibility, and mostly importantly, to achieve main planning goals while navigating through constant changes.

KEYWORDS: detailed plan; international comparison; local governance; regulatory detailed plan; zoning; B-Plan; local plan

♦ CONSTRUCTION OF ASSESSMENT SYSTEM ON COMMERCIAL SPACE PERFORMANCE BASED ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

Author: WANG Can; WANG De; ZHU Wei; SONG Shan

ABSTRACT: A scientific assessment system is needed for commercial space performance, while too limited attention was paid to consumer behavior in existing studies. This paper analyzes the interests of different parties relating to commercial space, and constructs a consumer-behavior-based assessment system from 4 dimensions. Firstly, the indices of individual activity chains assess the overall vibrancy and efficiency of the whole space. Secondly, the indices of spatial zones focus on vibrancy and efficiency of each local space, which is limited in itself. The third kind of indices are concerning individual activity chains of specific consumers who visit certain local space, which assess the contributions that local space makes to the whole space. Finally, the structural indices assess the relationship between different components, including flowability and equality among spaces, and mutual support in the network of multiple functions. The advised assessment system is utilized in the empirical study of Shanghai WJC Wanda Square. The results suggest that its spatial performance is satisfactory in general, but some problems exist, including isolation in vertical space system, underutilization of some local spaces, excessive area of business of daily supplies, imbalanced spatial distribution of activities, and so on. Corresponding measures for spatial improvement are suggested.

KEYWORDS: commercial space; consumer behavior; spatial performance; assessment system; spatial improvement

♦ EXPLORATION ON A METHOD FOR PRECISION IDENTIFICATION OF URBAN LAND USE TYPE USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: BASED ON BIG DATA OF BUILDING FORMS AND BUSINESS POI DATA

Author: YANG Junyan; SHAO Dian; WANG Qiao; ZHANG Yuhao

ABSTRACT: Faced with the high concentration of urban space and the increasing complexity of land use types, how to efficiently and scientifically identify large-scale land use types has become a major difficulty in the process of urban planning. Based on this, this paper, from the perspective of the business function and urban morphology, combines the building form and POI data and adopts a mathematical model that is better than the existing business weighting model identification method. On the basis of spatial calibration, TF-IDF transformation and database construction, it carries out a systematic supervised deep learning and identification of cities of different types, sizes and locations using artificial intelligence method. The results are accurate to the smallest category of urban land in the national standard. At the same time, a number of rules for intelligence are embedded from the dimensions of form indicator, layout form and special form, as well as confidence labeling, survey feedback and system self-optimization, to further improve the precision and accuracy of identification.

KEYWORDS: building form; business big data; precision identification of urban land use; artificial intelligence (AI)

♦ REGIONAL TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR EPIDEMIC AND PLANNING STRATEGIES: REFLECTIONS ON COVID-19

Author: LUAN Feng; ZHANG Yin; QIN Kaizhou; REN Chaoqun; LUO Shengzhao; FAN Kaili; PEI Zuxuan

ABSTRACT: The prevention and treatment of major epidemics – threats to human society is an important origin of modern urban planning. This article focuses on the regional transmission of COVID-19 and defines its different stages including the initial stage, early stage, and outbreak stage. Then it summarizes its characteristics as follows: rapid cross-regional transmission, intra-regional spread and diffusion, coping strategies directly affecting the extent and scope of the epidemic, regional gateway or central cities becoming the main places of epidemic input and outbreak, and the complex long tail phenomenon in the contraction stage. Accordingly, this article proposes the following four strategies. The first is to improve disaster prevention planning and build up a “regional, systematic, and peacetime-wartime integrated” concept of epidemic prevention and control. The second is to optimize management and control methods and promote a horizontal organizational structure-based regional prevention and control system. The third is to optimize the monitoring and evaluation method and integrate “management-control and reinforcement” to make up for the deficiency of regional epidemic prevention and control. The fourth is to make great efforts to strengthen the grassroots construction and promote its comprehensive resilience.

KEYWORDS: major public health events; COVID-19; regional characteristics; planning strategy; major epidemic

♦ URBAN SPATIAL IMPACTS ON RESIDENTS’ HEALTH RISK CAUSED BY CLIMATE CHANGE AND PLANNING INTERVENTION

Author: YUAN Qing; MENG Jiuqi; LENG Hong

ABSTRACT: Climate change threatens the health of urban residents in a variety of ways, resulting in four types of health risks: sudden fatal risk, chronic non-communicable disease risk, infectious disease risk, and mental health risk. Urban spatial elements greatly influence the health risk of residents caused by climate change. This paper establishes a relationship framework of “climate change – spatial elements – health risk”, and proposes that planning concepts should be actively changed from the perspectives of planning goals and service subjects to dealing with the health risk of residents caused by climate change. Finally, the paper puts forward specific suggestions concerning carrying out the assessment on climate change-caused health risks and integrating the health risk assessment into the territorial planning system at the levels of comprehensive planning, special planning, and detailed planning.

KEYWORDS: climate change; urban space; health risk; territorial planning; risk assessment

♦ ANALYSIS ON WALKING SHED IN COMPREHENSIVE PARKS AND URBAN FORM FROM A PARK-CITY PERSPECTIVE

Author: XU Zhen; ZHOU Zhenqi; WANG Yifan; HAN Lingyun; XING Jialin

ABSTRACT: In 2018, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed a Park-City Initiative for urban transformation in China. To interpret and approach such a vision, it is essential to conduct a more detailed analysis on the spatial relation between park and city. With Nanjing as an example, this paper extracts the shortest walking routes between residential buildings and park entrances in the Baidu Map using Python, and subsequently identifies the service area, affordance efficacy, and potential load of the parks. The locations, size, surrounding, etc., are all relevant to the significant variance of park’s affordance efficacy and potential load. Low pedestrian-friendly urban form results in detours and long paths, which constrains the park-city integration. Data mining the online map provides a feasible and precise way of determining the walking shed and route characteristics of the walking circle. This limpid method and indicator present an intuitive and practicable lens for the planners, policy makers and stakeholders. Steering from the data restriction from the authorities, the approach may facilitate the rapid evaluation on facility accessibility and urban form context of a Park City.

KEYWORDS: Park-City Initiative; comprehensive park; walking route; walking shed; Baidu Map; Nanjing

♦ A STUDY ON THE SPATIAL EFFECT AND GROWTH MECHANISM OF NEW URBAN DISTRICT IN TRANSITIONAL CHINA

Author: ZHOU Chunshan; ZHU Mengjue

ABSTRACT: The emergence and development of new urban district plays an important role in urban spatial growth. Through selecting 483 new urban districts as research object for analysis, the main conclusion of the paper includes the following aspects: (1) the new urban district produces important effect on urban function differentiation and reconfiguration; (2) the new urban district leads to the population flow and reconstruction between central city and new urban district; (3) the new urban district leads to evolution effect of urban spatial morphology, such as enhancing of urban uni-center spatial structure, formation of urban multi-center spatial structure, and development of urban combined city spatial structure; (4) the new urban district leads to spatial connection and cluster gathering of new urban district. Finally, this paper also gives a preliminary discussion on spatial growth mechanism which contains the spatial production, the coordination and game of spatial self-organization and organization, the supply and demand of urban resources and spatial elements, and the spatial catalyst mechanism.

KEYWORDS: new urban district; spatial effect; mechanism; China

♦ PLANNING MEASURES FOR REDUCING THE SHORT-DISTANCE MOTORIZED TRAVELS IN THE CONTEXT OF URBAN REGENERATION: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY BASED ON MULTISOURCE DATA ANALYSIS OF SHANGHAI

Author: ZHUO Jian; WU Zhuoye; ZHAI Duanqiang; CAO Buyang

ABSTRACT: Daily urban travels in China are mainly in short and medium distance, but include a high proportion of motorized travels. In urban regeneration context, the further study of short-distance travel behavior could contribute to the reduction of excessive growth of automobiles and the optimization of urban mobility structure. This paper takes the central city of Shanghai as case study area, using the trajectory data of taxi to investigate the spatial-temporal distribution of taxi trips within 3 km and its explanatory variables. The findings are as follows. (1) There is a large demand for short distance taxi travels at all times of the day. (2) However, the short-distance travels are highly concentrated in certain areas. The spatial distribution changes over time within one day. (3) A GWR model confirms that 3 factors, namely, population, land use function, and traffic conditions, constitute an influence on the demand for short-distance taxi travels. After determining the difference in the degree of influence of different factors by the elasticity coefficient method, planning measures are proposed to reduce short-distance motorized travels.

KEYWORDS: urban regeneration; short-distance motorized travel; multisource data; spatial-temporal distribution; built environment factors; planning intervention; Shanghai

♦ URBAN-RURAL INTEGRATION: LOGIC AND PROCESS OF PRACTICE

Author: LI Gan

ABSTRACT: In order to effectively break down the institutional barriers of urban-rural dual structure, many measures can be taken in local practices. The exploration and innovation of land use and design decision-making is the highlight in the urban-rural integration reform of Deqing County, Zhejiang Province. Based on an empirical study of the county, this paper develops an analytical framework consisting of the logic and process of practice from the perspective of Practical Sociology, and attaches importance to the dynamic dialectical relationship between them. However, it cannot be concluded that the result is enough regarding the reform of urban-rural integration at the national level, instead it has to be tested in further reform practices.

KEYWORDS: urban-rural integration; logic of practice; process of practice

♦ ON THE DEFINITION OF URBAN-RURAL COORDINATION PLANNING

Author: LI Weike

ABSTRACT: Around the issue of “what is the urban-rural coordination planning”, this article starts a discussion. The mainline of China’s urban-rural coordination development is development transformation, livelihood improvement and social governance. In this historical period, urban-rural coordination planning undertook three important functions to adjust development structure, empower energy and build community. The logic self-consistent system of urban-rural coordinating planning should be precise, and a close contact should be established with the reality of development. And it should also be noted that, with the development of society, the subjects and objects of urban-rural coordination planning will change. On the basis of full argument, this article defines the concept of urban-rural coordination planning, which is the systemic development strategies and social governance framework in this specific historical period of China. Combined with the background of domestic urbanization development, this article also analyzes the trends and guidance of urban-rural coordination planning.

KEYWORDS: urban-rural coordination development; urban-rural coordination planning; concept definition; new urbanization