City Planning Review（2020.8）

♦ Weakness

Author: SHI Nan

♦ CHALLENGES FOR URBAN SPACE GOVERNANCE UNDER THE MAJOR EPIDEMIC IMPACT

Author: WU Zhiqiang; LU Feidong; YANG Ting; FENG Fan; HE Rui

ABSTRACT: The impact of disasters is not only a challenge to city-being (city as a life), but also a major test for urban governance. This article points out that reflection and learning after disasters are the impulsive driving force for the improvement of urban governance capabilities. Through a hierarchical analysis of urban governance capabilities, the article proposes that survivability is the bottom-line capability of urban governance and the core ability of cities to cope with the impact of major epidemics. From the perspective of city-being, it reveals five governance capabilities for interaction between internal and external spaces, and points out that the fundamental test for urban spatial governance capabilities under the impact of a major epidemic is the four-step governance loop of “perception-judgment-reaction-immunity”. Based on the city-being evolution features of “time and space integration”, it reveals that, under the epidemic situation, the essence of urban space management is the capacity of “exchanging Space for Time” in urban resource allocation. The article also proposes the development of intelligent governance technologies, with law mining, simulation deduction, emergency decision-making, and public collaborative collaboration as the drivers, to improve urban space governance capabilities.

KEYWORDS: major epidemic; city-being; urban space governance; intelligent governance technology

♦ URBAN SPATIAL INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Author: WANG Lan; JIA Yinghui; LI Xiaotian; YANG Xiaoming

ABSTRACT: Urban development affects the emergence and spread of infectious diseases in terms of sources of the virus, transmission pathways of the virus, and the size of susceptible populations. Accordingly, spatial intervention strategies of urban planning can be formulated based on the three key aspects to prevent and control infectious diseases, including isolating sources of the virus, cutting off transmission pathways, and protecting susceptible populations. With the COVID-19 pandemic as an example, this paper explores how urban development affects the spread of infectious diseases. The infectious clusters of the COVID-19 in different places and characteristics of susceptible populations. Then for each approach of the prevention and control, proposes spatial intervention strategies for urban planning from three spatial scales: an overall city level, a community level, and key facilities. This study aims to improve cities ‘ability to prevent and control infectious diseases and the ability to manage public health emergencies, from a spatial aspect, which promotes the development of healthy cities.

KEYWORDS: healthy cities; public health emergencies; spatial interventions; planning and design

♦ RISK ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATORY EXPOSURE IN URBAN PUBLIC SPACE FOR AIR EPIDEMIC PREVENTION

Author: LI Sui; CHEN Yumeng; SHI Tiemao; ZHOU Shiwen; WU Shangyu

ABSTRACT: The outbreak of COVID-19 has seriously threatened the world’s public security and human health. How to scientifically evaluate the risk of respiratory exposure in public space is the basis for strengthening the urban risk early warning and improving the ability of airborne epidemic prevention. In this paper, based on the impact of urban environmental factors on respiratory exposure risk, coupled with respiratory infection probability model and urban ventilation environment assessment model, a respiratory exposure risk assessment method for air transmission route is constructed. In the empirical study of the study area, the spatial distribution of respiratory exposure risk was calculated based on four variables (exposure time, population size, average background wind speed, and distance between people). The results show that individual behavior patterns, spatial form, and wind environment parameters have significant correlation with the evaluation results. According to the analysis of the spatial differentiation characteristics of key parameters, the planning and epidemic prevention strategies for various risk factors are proposed. The results of the study can provide important scientific basis for ensuring the safety of public activities in the current stage of normalized epidemic prevention and control.

KEYWORDS: respiratory infection; public space; environmental factors; ventilation capacity; exposure risk

♦ IMPACTS OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT ON THE COVID-19 EPIDEMIC AND THE EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE: A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE COVID-19 EPIDEMIC IN AMERICAN CITIES

Author: ZHANG Tingwei

ABSTRACT: The article starts with a preliminary analysis of the COVID-19 epidemic and its related factors in American cities, and discusses the relationship between the built environment and the people living in it. It is proposed that in studying the relationship between the epidemic situation and the built environment, epistemology should be emphasized, meaning that the study of the characteristics of the built environment and the characteristics of the people living in it should be both included, and special attention should be paid to the impacts of the residents' socioeconomic status and lifestyle on the epidemic situation, rather than limited to the built environmental issues. From a methodological point of view, evidence-based practice focusing on practical evidence can be used, which may better fit the nature of the COVID-19 epidemic.

KEYWORDS: COVID-19 epidemic; American cities; urban planning; built environment; epistemology; methodology; evidence-based practice

♦ THE FENGQIAO EXPERIENCE FOR THE ORGANIC RENEWAL OF SMALL TOWNS: STUDY ON THE MECHANISM OF URBAN RENEWAL DERIVED FROM THE GRASS-ROOTS SOCIAL GOVERNANCE

Author: MO Zhoujin; QU Jie; CHEN Liping

ABSTRACT: At present, small towns are facing important historic opportunities in the context of new urbanization. Many innovation practices in Zhejiang Province have corroborated the complex requirements of high-quality integrated development of society, environment, and people. In the face of such complex objects and goals, the existing working mechanism and technical methods have encountered many problems. The article takes the renewal practice of Fengqiao Ancient Town as an example, explores the development process, core values, and methodologies of the “Fengqiao Experience” as a social grass-roots governance thought, and summarizes its important enlightenment to the renewal of small towns in the aspects of advancing with the times, the organizational mechanism of public participation, the planning goal of serving people’s livelihood, the technical characteristics of mild cure, and the role transformation from bottom to top. It also specifically discusses the integration of social grass-roots governance thought and small town renewal practices at the operational level, constructs a practical mechanism of pluralistic decision-making, public interaction, multi-dimensional technology, and homesickness, and provides innovative ideas for small town renewal in Zhejiang and even the whole country.

KEYWORDS: small town; new urbanization; organic renewal; Fengqiao Experience; social governance; public participation

♦ A PRACTICE ANALYSIS OF CROSS-REGIONAL COORDINATED PLANNING IN POST-WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION: CASE STUDY OF WEIZHOU, SHUIMO, AND HUAIKOU TOWNS

Author: QIU Jian; TANG Youhai

ABSTRACT: After Wenchuan earthquake occurred, the reconstruction of Weizhou town, the Wenchuan County seat in Aba Prefecture, was orientated as “in-site rebuilding, function relieving and scale reduction”. Accordingly, the cross-regional coordination planning in relation to 3 towns including Weizhou and Shuimo in Wenchuan County in the Prefecture, and Huaikou in Jintang County in Chengdu metropolis was practiced. A reconstruction result that each town got its due was achieved. Through a review of the planning having been implemented for 12 years, the basic cross-regional coordination planning mechanisms such as mutually benefit coordination, industry coordination, and space coordination were summarized and generalized. The planning and construction achievements, with regard to 3 towns, concerning the aspects of matching spatial resources with town function, coordinating the spatial characteristic and industry development were analyzed.

KEYWORDS: cross-regional coordination; Wenchuan Earthquake; reconstruction planning

♦ CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN AIR QUALITY IN SQUARES AND SPATIAL DESIGN ELEMENTS: A CASE STUDY ON SIX DESIGN SCHEMES OF URUMQI DIAMOND CITY SQUARE

Author: YAN Li; HU Wen; GU Lili

ABSTRACT: The rapid development of cities brings about continuously spreading of haze. How to control micro-climate environment of current cities through urban planning methods has become an important issue that needs to be studied urgently. Six different urban design bidding schemes of the same land were chosen in the present research and their design elements of urban square space were extracted. The ventilation effect in the central square of each bidding scheme was simulated numerically using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to obtain the static wind rate of the square as the criterion and then to get the relation between the spatial elements and the static wind rate. The results show that the design elements affect the square ventilation effects obviously under the same weather condition. Among them, the intensity of development was a secondary factor, and the layout was an important factor, in which the length and width of the air duct on the square were the decisive factors affecting the air quality of the square.

KEYWORDS: spatial design elements; static wind rate; air duct; air quality; square

♦ A METHODOLOGICAL STUDY ON BUILDING NEIGHBORHOOD FOOTBALL FIELDS DURING INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT PERIOD

Author: CHEN Zhenyu; YANG Lingyi; WEI Wei

ABSTRACT: Constructing neighborhood football fields is the one of the key methods of constructing “Healthy China”, enriching residents’ daily exercise activities, fulfilling the goal of becoming a “Leading Sports Nation”, and improving China’s competitiveness in football game. When people’s needs for daily exercises rise, exercise facilities including football fields should be more convenient, accessible, and efficient. Neighborhood football fields which are highly scattered, flexible, and popular, become the recent construction foci. The restriction factors of building neighborhood football fields include: the lack of specialized planning at municipal level; the low efficiency of planning review and approval mechanism; the difficulty in location choosing on inventory lands; and the difficulties in managing and operating football fields. This paper studies relevant policies and documents on national level and carries out case studies on football fields construction in the world, before putting forward strategies in terms of making special planning, speeding up review and approval procedure, promoting neighborhood construction, building on inventory land, facilitating multi-use land and multi-way operation. By these means, this paper hopes to provide suggestions on the planning and construction of public athletic facility during inventory development period.

KEYWORDS: inventory development period; neighborhood football fields; construction of public sports facilities

♦ EVOLUTION OF RURAL PLANNING THEORY IN MODERN TIMES

Author: QIAO Xin; LI Jingsheng

ABSTRACT: Originated from the late 18th Century, the Garden Suburb Movement in the UK was dedicated to shaping a delicate environment in rural settlements and forming good community ambience. Rural design in the United States avoided excessive urbanism in rural areas, and thereby preserved the diversity of local communities. These two aspects have constituted the basic theory of rural planning in the field of traditional architecture. Since the 1930s, the studies on geography, ecology, and economics have expanded the scope of rural planning theory and enriched the compilation system, types, and methods of rural planning. At the same time, the study on rural sociology and the development of rural governance have promoted the transformation of two perspectives in rural planning theory after the 1970s, i.e., the cultural value perspective and the humanistic endogenous perspective. Using the method of historical research, this paper makes a “historical image” of the development of rural planning theory in modern times. And on this basis, the paper summarizes the three paradigms of rural planning theory and analyzes their features.

KEYWORDS: rural planning theory; historical image; paradigm features

♦ SPATIO-TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION AND EVOLUTIONARY CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL VILLAGES IN TAIHANG MOUNTAINS AREA

Author: ZHANG Hui; CAI Jiaqi; XIAO Shaoying; LIU Jingjing; YUE Xiaochao

ABSTRACT: This paper takes 675 traditional villages in Taihang Mountains area which are listed in the Traditional Chinese Villages Catalog as the research object, and sets up a spatial distribution database on the basis of the basic data classification statistics of their geographical attributes, causes of village formation, social attributes, the dynasty of village formation, etc. Then, the paper analyzes the spatio-temporal distribution of traditional villages in the Taihang Mountains area and their evolutionary characteristics by means of the nearest neighbor index and kernel density estimation of GIS. It finds that: first, the spatial distribution of traditional villages in Taihang Mountains area forms three agglomeration areas and four transitional diffusion areas, which are mainly clustered mountainous villages distributed in each historical period; second, the newly-added traditional villages in each historical period are increasing, and featured by concentric expansion and point-axis expansion; third, the spatial distribution of different genetic types of traditional villages is quite different owing to the number of military warfare, immigrants, and religious cultures. This paper aims to provide new ideas for research on context pedigree, hierarchical protection, and regional linkage development of traditional villages in Taihang Mountains area.

KEYWORDS: Taihang Mountains area; traditional villages; spatial and temporal distribution; GIS

♦ TRANSLATION, DIFFERENTIATION OF CONCEPTS, AND APPLICABILITY OF OPEN SPACE RATIO

Author: CHEN Lu; ZHOU Jianyun; LI Shuling; PANG Xiaomei

ABSTRACT: Open space ratio (OSR) is a core concept and an important index of residential environment control in The City of New York Zoning Maps and Resolutions 1961. Since the 1990s, many Chinese scholars have introduced this concept and proposed using it as a planning control index. Thus, the Chinese term “kongdi lü” was created correspondingly. This paper systematically reviews the literature concerning “OSR” and “kongdi lü” in China over the last 30 years. Based on the texts in The City of New York Zoning Maps and Resolutions 1961, this paper conducts a comprehensive analysis on the translation of OSR and its concept, and clarifies the significance, purpose and scope of the application of OSR as an index. It then differentiates between the concepts of OSR and the Chinese term “kongdi lü”. It is suggested that the OSR index should be introduced as a tool to control the residential environment in the detailed regulatory planning, so as to improve the index control system of the detailed regulatory planning in China.

KEYWORDS: open space ratio; kongdi lü; planning index; zoning; detailed regulatory planning

♦ IMPLEMENTATION-ORIENTED PLANNING METHOD OF PUBLIC PARKING SPACE: A CASE STUDY OF GUANGZHOU

Author: WANG Bo

ABSTRACT: The unreasonable planning of public parking space is a key problem restricting the construction of parking lots and the role of traffic regulation. Based on the analysis of existing problems in detailed regulatory planning, from the point of view of the whole city, the role of the public parking lot in the urban traffic system and the public parking planning concept are discussed. And then the implementation-oriented “four steps” public parking lot optimization method is put forward, which is applied to the planning formulation of public parking lots in Guangzhou.

KEYWORDS: detailed regulatory planning; public parking lot; land use control; implementation; Guangzhou

♦ EXPLORATION AND PRACTICE OF PLANNING AND BUILDING PARK CITY IN CHENGDU

Author: ZENG Jiuli; TANG Peng; PENG Geng; HE Jinhai; YANG Xiao; GAO Fei

ABSTRACT: In the context of building new ecological civilization, this paper puts forward the possible influence of the “park city” concept on urban development and the corresponding transformation, mainly including the four aspects of development logic, urban construction concept, spatial layout, and ecological value transformation. Based on the practice of Chengdu in the planning and construction of park city, the paper proposes building a living community where human and nature co-exist in harmony from the four perspectives of beautifying the environment, serving the people, building a pleasant city, and increasing employment opportunities. It is hoped to establish a new pattern for the sustainable urban development in the new era, promote the innovation and transformation of urban economic modes, and explore the supporting system for the park city construction, so as to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the planning and construction of park city in other cities.

KEYWORDS: park city; theoretical system; practice path; Chengdu

♦ RESEARCH ON THE NEW DEVELOPMENT PATH OF TOWNS AND VILLAGES BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF URBAN-RURAL INTEGRATION: TAKING CHENGDU URBAN-RURAL INTEGRATION UNIT AS AN EXAMPLE

Author: CHEN Jianbin; GAO Mengwei; FU Yang; RUAN Chen

ABSTRACT: The urban-rural integrated development in China has entered a new stage of high-quality development. In the more developed metropolitan areas, the relationship between urban and rural areas has gradually come to an accelerated period of integrated development. Under the background of the Rural Revitalization Strategy and the establishment of the spatial planning system, Chengdu puts forward a new path for promoting the development of towns and villages based on the “urban-rural integrated development unit”, in combination with its own urban-rural characteristics and development law on the basis of the economic development logic of ecological value transformation and the management and control logic of high-quality development. Through the analysis of the connotation and characteristics of urban-rural integration, this paper expounds the connotation, construction purposes, division methods and types of urban-rural integration development unit, and probes into the planning, development, management, control, and governance path of towns and villages with the unit as the tool, which provides a new idea for urban-rural integration development.

KEYWORDS: urban-rural integration; unit; towns and villages; development path

♦ PLANNING FOR VENTILATION CORRIDOR IN CITY WITH HIGH-FREQUENCY STATIC WIND: A CASE STUDY OF CHENGDU CITY

Author: WANG Xiaoqi; GAO Fei; TAN Qinwen; XIAO Zhuyun

ABSTRACT: Construction of a reasonable ventilation corridor is a main means to effectively reduce air pollution. Based on the characteristics of cities with high-frequency static wind and taking Chengdu City as an example, this paper analyzes the causes of air pollution, and explores a set of principles and methods to build a ventilation corridor system based on the fundamental principle of protecting wind source. Then through interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary collaboration, the paper creates a spatial evaluation model of wind frequency, to accurately delimit urban ventilation corridor in urban planning. It aims to provide an innovative method for accurate calibration of urban ventilation corridor.

KEYWORDS: air pollution; city with high-frequency static wind; urban ventilation corridor system; wind source; wind frequency