City Planning Review（2020.5）

♦ Market

Author: SHI Nan

♦ TRANSFORMATION OF CHINA’S URBAN STRATEGIC PLANNING: A CASE STUDY OF SHANTOU STRATEGIC PLAN

Author: CHEN Zhao; WANG Hongyang

ABSTRACT: Since born in 2000, China’s urban strategic development planning has quickly grown into prosperity and taken the role of top-level design prior to master planning in planning system. But the current transformation of the macro-context is urging a renewal of the theory and methodology for the strategic planning. Taking the theory of paradigm shift by Thomas Kuhn as the explanation framework, this paper firstly reviews the previous paradigm of China’s modernization and urbanization (defined herein as Modernization 1.0) and the urban strategic planning paradigm in the 2000s that conforms to the macro-context then. Then with reference to the characters of the emerging economic new normal and new era (defined herein as Modernization 2.0), this paper takes Shantou, where the development has long been conflicting with the Modernization 1.0 paradigm, as an example to explain the new strategic planning paradigm supporting the new macro-context. Finally, an investigation into the theoretical paradigm shift behind the practical paradigm shift, the paper concludes that new strategic planning based on a scientific philosophy of Holism and holistic methodology will be critical for the newly launched Territorial Spatial Planning to successfully undertake its historical responsibilities.

KEYWORDS: strategic planning; Holism; paradigm

♦ RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN URBANIZATION AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF FLOATING POPULATION FAMILIES: AN ANALYSIS BASED ON A NATIONWIDE LARGE-SCALE SAMPLE SURVEY

Author: CHEN Hongsheng; WANG Xingping

ABSTRACT: The establishment of a “family-friendly” urbanization development model aims to address the spatial split of floating population families, so as to enable urban settlers to live a better life, which is an important task of China’s population urbanization in the new era. Based on the nationwide large-scale sample survey data, this paper explores the “reunion-discrete” of floating population families and its influencing factors in China. The paper finds that the first-tier cities and second-tier cities have a relatively high proportion of migrant spouses, but relatively low proportion of migrant families. The “reunion-discrete” status of floating population families is affected by the level of urbanization of relevant cities; the possibility of family reunion (migrants and their children, migrants and their parents) and urbanization rate forms an inverted U-shaped curve; and there is a positive linear relationship between the possibility of migrant couple reunion and urbanization rate. “Family reunion” has become an important family development appeal of China’s floating population. This study confirms that under the established urbanization model, there is a “reunion-discrete” balance in the urbanization development process. Below the balance point, the urbanization process has a positive impact on the family reunion of migrants (“family reunion effect”), while above the balance point, the urbanization process has a negative impact on the family reunion of the floating population (“family discrete effect”). The balance point will be changed with the transformation of the urbanization model and stages. The improvement of the urbanization process and its socio-economic benefits will shift the balance point to a higher level of urbanization.

KEYWORDS: urbanization effect; family reunion; family separation; floating population

♦ RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ADJACENT RELATION IN THE LAND-USE REGULATION: PREEMPTION PRINCIPLE VS COASE THEOREM

Author: HE Mingjun

ABSTRACT: The task of land-use regulation essentially is to allocate the land development right, standardize the adjacent relation, and balance the spatial interests. Adjacent relation is an important system for defining, preserving and motivating the land use, and also a basic system for improving human settlement. The adjacent relation is a concept from the civil law, and the land-use regulation based on related planning has changed the definition standard and expression form of adjacent relation, and thus changed the methodology of defining the adjacent relation from the civil law paradigm to the public law paradigm. The adjacent relation is defined by means of the holism methodology and the exante-intervention in the land-use regulation. The works in defining the adjacent relation are not finished in the planning period, and the rests remain in public domain is distributed according to the queue principle in the period of the land-use regulation. Because of the transaction costs, the promotion of land use efficiency is based on a fair institutional design for the adjacent relation. In the land-use regulation, civil law standards and the good custom could be useful, even though the land-use regulation is governed by the public law standards.

KEYWORDS: land-use regulation; adjacent relation; preemption principle; Coase Theorem; public law paradigm

♦ RESEARCH ON THE COORDINATED DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL SOCIETY UNDER RURAL AGRICULTURE “DECENTRALIZATION”

Author: HONG Genwei; WU Manfei; LIU Zhiqiang

ABSTRACT: Under the background of rural agriculture “decentralization”, remolding the relationship between agriculture and rural social development can maintain the stability and harmonious development of agriculture and rural society. This paper analyzes the relationship between agriculture and rural society (population and life) under the background of rural agriculture “decentralization”, reveals the rural agriculture-society coupling coordination development characteristics of the Yangtze River Delta Region by using the coupling coordination model, and explores the path to refactoring the coordinated development relationship between agriculture and rural society in the context of spatial planning transformation. The results show that: firstly, the coupling and interaction between agriculture and rural population & life is strong, but the coordination is insufficient; secondly, the types of the coordination relationship can be divided into optimization coordination, stability coordination, and decoupling coordination; thirdly, the improvement of social life plays a leading role in optimizing the coordination relationship, and agricultural development is the fundamental driving force; fourthly, rural agriculture “decentralization” needs to avoid the “de-ruralization” of agricultural development. Finally, it puts forward an innovative planning path and regulating strategies for reconstructing the harmonious development relationship between agriculture and rural society from a regional perspective.

KEYWORDS: agriculture; rural society; coordinated development; region; spatial planning

♦ ANALYSIS OF VERTICAL SPATIAL DENSITY AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL MORPHOLOGY IN URBAN CENTRAL AREA

Author: QU Bing; LENG Jiawei

ABSTRACT: This paper introduced vertical spatial density to depict the three-dimension (3D) form of urban central area. By designing the corresponding calculation program, the vertical spatial densities of 13 urban central areas were obtained and compared firstly. Based on it, the methods of curve fitting and data statistics were used to analyze the attenuation and intensification features of vertical spatial density with height increasing, which were used to construct reference data, and then the case of Xinjiekou of Nanjing was analyzed. Finally, the potential and research directions of vertical spatial density in the study of urban overall form were discussed.

KEYWORDS: urban central area; three-dimension form; vertical spatial density; attenuation feature; intensification feature

♦ EVOLUTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE IN CHONGQING MAIN URBAN AREA: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PUBLIC SERVICE FUNCTION ORGANIZATION

Author: PENG Yaoling; ZHANG Zhen; YAN Jingjing

ABSTRACT: Urban spatial structure is closely related to urban public service organization. As a typical “multi-center, cluster-style” city, Chongqing has the inherent advantages in terms of the nearest urban public service organization and the demand for public service equalization. By combing the evolution of the spatial structure of Chongqing’s main urban area and its interaction with the change of public service demand, this paper identifies the structural problems and causes of the built environment, with the transformation of urban functions from production to consumption. Referring to Maslow’s theory, adapting to the different levels of public service demand in the present and future, this paper holds that the urban spatial structure should be further optimized from the “multi-center, cluster-style” to “hierarchical multi-center, cluster-style”, so as to guide the formation of grass-roots “small, micro-center” system with certain concentration and grass-roots functional integration, to orderly organize the public service function, to minimize the unnecessary traffic, to reduce the travel time of residents, and to improve urban efficiency. Borrowing the Engel Coefficient to construct the evaluation framework of urban efficiency, the paper aims to provide a new perspective for solving the problems of spatial structure of mountainous cities and promoting the urban environment transformation.

KEYWORDS: public service; demand hierarchy; urban spatial structure; hierarchical multi-center; Chongqing main urban area

♦ RESEARCH ON COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC SPACE IN HUANGPU RIVER WATERFRONT AREA

Author: ZHOU Guangkun; LIN Yinan

ABSTRACT: Creating a world-class waterfront area has been the goal of public space of Huangpu River waterfront area, so it is necessary to carry out comprehensive assessment on these public space renovation projects. This paper selects 11 projects in Huangpu River waterfront area, and 2 projects in the New York waterfront area. Using the assessment method supported by multi-source data, the paper forms a scientific assessment index system with the functional efficiency and construction quality of the waterfront public space as the assessment content, and it adopts the urban refined governance as the value orientation to evaluate the quality of the waterfront public space construction along Huangpu River, before making a comparison on those projects of the world’s first-class waterfront area. Through quantitative assessment and analysis, this paper proposes effective and efficient renovation measures and suggestions for the renovation of public space in Huangpu River waterfront area.

KEYWORDS: public space; comprehensive assessment; Huangpu River waterfront area

♦ INTERPRETATION OF GONGLIU OF SHI JING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SETTLEMENT PLANNING

Author: GUO Lu; WU Tinghai

ABSTRACT: Gongliu of Shi Jing (The Book of Songs) describes in detail the process of the relocation of the tribe and the planning of new settlement led by Gongliu, the leader of the Pre-Zhou Dynasty. It is an important case of early settlement planning in China. This paper interprets the structure and content of the whole poem from the technical process of site selection, layout planning, and construction of the settlement, and puts forward the spatial pattern of this settlement. Accordingly, the paper also clarifies the meanings of some key words and sentences, and demonstrates the unique value of this poem as an important material in the planning history.

KEYWORDS: Gongliu; Shi Jing; settlement; planning history; spatial pattern

♦ RESEARCH ON PALACE SCALE OF THE YUAN AND QIN DYNASTIES: BASE ON ANALYSIS OF THE SCALE AND SYMBOLIC SIGNIFICANCE OF YUAN CAPITAL (DADU) PALACE

Author: ZHAO Chunxiao

ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes that the scale planning of Yuan Capital (Dadu) Palace was influenced by the interpretation of “dragon flying on the sky (fei long zai tian)” extracted from the “Book of Changes”. Accordingly, it could be found that, on the one hand, the imperial city of the Ming capital and the Forbidden City of Beijing are similar with the Yuan Capital Palace in terms of plane graph, indicating the method that each palace used to achieve a symbolic meaning through the ratio of perimeter and area, and the influence of the planning concept of Yuan Capital Palace on the imperial city and palace of the Ming Dynasty. On the other hand, by analyzing the scale of the West Capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, the symbolic meaning and the design method to realize the symbolic meaning in early design of the palace can be revealed. In conclusion, the interpretation of the Book of Changes in scale of palace shows that the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty adopted the Confucian traditional culture of central China in pursuit of the symbolic significance of their authority, which to some extent means that their recognition of the legitimism identity of the Chinese central plains dynasty. It is hoped that this study can provide a new perspective for the study of plane scale of other ancient palaces in similar perimeter figures with the Yuan Capital Palace.

KEYWORDS: Yuan Capital (Dadu); palace; the Forbidden City; capital of the Ming Dynasty

♦ RESIDENTS’ SELF-BUILD: LOCAL PRACTICES AND “LOCAL WISDOM” OUTSIDE THE PLANNING INSTITUTION – A CASE STUDY ON THE RENEWAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE OLD CITY OF HANYIN, SHAANXI PROVINCE

Author: ZHAO Xu; ZHANG Wenjia; YIN Jie

ABSTRACT: This paper focuses on the phenomenon of residents’ self-build in the Old City of Hanyin since the 1980s. The study finds the following results. Firstly, the policy of neighborhood agreements, residents’ joint construction and “zero” fees after retreating the road restriction line are local policies outside the planning, which formed in the process of local practice. Secondly, the legal interpretation of adjacent relations is the legal basis for the rationalization of the policy outside of the planning. Thirdly, the selective use of the planning institution and cooperation with residents reflects the “local wisdom” of local governments, which helps the government to complete urban renewal at a lower cost.

KEYWORDS: residents’ self-build; outside the planning; local policy; urban renewal; Hanyin County

♦ FROM GOVERNMENT-LED TO MULTIFACETED COOPERATION: THE EVOLUTION OF TAIPEI’S URBAN REGENERATION MECHANISMS SINCE 1973

Author: HAN Wenchao; L Chuanting; ZHOU Chunshan

ABSTRACT: Based on the urban regime theory, this paper analyzes the game among the government, the market, and the society, as well as the resulting changes in the strategy, laws, and implementation in the process of Taipei’s urban regeneration since 1973. The paper argues that in different political and economic contexts, the government, the market, and the social forces entered the field of urban regeneration gradually and formed different kinds of “urban regeneration regimes”, which are divided into “directive regime stage”, “growth regime stage”, and “stewardship regime stage”. Overall, the pattern of Taipei’s urban regeneration changes from government-led to multifaceted cooperation. In the context of globalization, the political, economic, and social diversification is its internal driving force, which is reflected in urban space through urban regeneration practices. It argues that Chinese mainland should pay more attention to multifaceted cooperation mechanisms and fully arouse the initiative of various stakeholders for urban regeneration. In addition, special attention should be paid to nurturing and exerting social power.

KEYWORDS: urban regeneration; urban regime; multifaceted cooperation; Taipei

♦ ANALYSIS ON THE CHARACTER AND FUNCTION OF INTEGRATED THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSPORTATION NETWORK PLANNING IN CHINA

Author: YAO Xiaoxia; RONG Chaohe

ABSTRACT: At present, authorities in the transportation sector are compiling the planning of integrated three-dimensional transportation network. However, there are many disputes and confusions about the nature of the planning and the relationship between the planning and national spatial planning. Based on the experience of developed countries such as Singapore, this paper starts from the relationship between spatial planning and development planning, the relationship between transportation planning and national spatial planning, and focuses on the character and function of the integrated three-dimensional transportation network planning. It is concluded that national spatial planning is a combination of technical planning and policy instruments, while development planning is a combination of a series of public policies. As special planning in national spatial planning, the grading and corresponding system of the integrated three-dimensional transportation network planning also needs to be set up. The character of the planning needs to change from technical planning to policy planning, and the guiding ideology needs to change from balanced development to differentiation-based thinking, and the function should be changed from guiding planning to regulatory planning.

KEYWORDS: spatial planning; development planning; national spatial planning; transportation planning; integrated three-dimensional transportation network; policy planning; technical planning

♦ SPATIOTEMPORAL RESPONSE OF SYNERGY DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN RAIL TRANSIT AND URBAN SPACE: A CASE STUDY OF BEIJING

Author: ZHANG Chun; XIA Haishan; YU Xiaoping

ABSTRACT: The urban rail transit in Chinese cities is experiencing large-scale construction at present, promoting the development of urban space to a new stage. The incoordination between urban rail transit construction and urban development lies in three aspects: spatial imbalance, time unsynchronization, and functional mismatch, which requires the explorations on the rules for coordinated development. With a case study on Beijing, by use of the impact model, simulation model, and feedback model, this paper establishes a synergy framework and explores the rules for spatiotemporal interactions between rail transit and urban development at different scales. Results show that: (1) at the metropolitan area scale, the jobs-housing relationship in urban space has positive influences on passenger volume, and employment centers and residential centers may bring about strong passenger flow pressure; (2) at the city scale, stations with high accessibility by rail transit can have concentration effects and increase the employment density, thus promoting the economic growth; (3) at the station scale, rail transit can lead to the change of land use around the station. The paper points out that synergy between rail transit construction and urban development should focus on spatial balance, time synchronization, and functional integration, in the hope of providing policy implications for the rapid and concentrated development of rail transit in Chinese cities in the future.

KEYWORDS: urban rail transit; urban form; spatiotemporal response; synergy rules; accessibility

♦ RESEARCH ON THE ADDITIVE EFFECT OF ACCESSIBILITY AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL: WHAT CAUSED THE ACCUMULATION PATTERN OF DWELLING UNITS IN MTR CATCHMENT AREA OF HONG KONG

Author: YIN Ziyuan

ABSTRACT: Based on the additive effect of accessibility of the railway system and the urban road network, the research on the development potential of MTR (Mass Transit Railway) catchment area is a follow-up study of the accumulation pattern of high-density urban space and an analysis of the causes and potential motivations. Using the accessibility evaluation tool of the space syntax as a quantitative means and adopting the K-means clustering method, this paper divides the 69 MTR stations into 4 groups according to the accessibility of the road network within a 10- km walking distance. Through a comparison on the accessibility before and after adding the MTR system to the urban road network, the improvement degree of accessibility of the MTR catchment area is quantified. With the density of dwelling units as the basic research object, the accumulation degrees of MTR core area (within a 200-m radius) and catchment area (within a 500-m radius) are described by the ratio of the densities of dwelling units located in each selected area and station. Then the average of the accessibility improvement degree of typical station cases and that of the accumulation degree of dwelling units in different urban areas are acquired. In combination with spatial pattern and development process, the paper analyzes the MTR catchment areas in eight different areas, and finds that the development potential brought by the additive effect of railway system is directly related to the degree of urban development, timing of railway construction, and measures of urban renewal. The analysis on the relationship between the accumulation pattern of dwelling units in the MTR catchment area and the accessibility of the railway system can help promote the research on the spatial capacity and morphology of the areas surrounding the railway stations in big cities in China, and improve the comprehensive benefits of the railway system by guiding the formation of the accumulation pattern.

KEYWORDS: accessibility; additive effect; spatial accumulation; potential; catchment area