City Planning Review（2019.12）

♦ Demands

Author: SHI Nan

♦ INCLUSIVENESS AND SHARING, EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT MUTUAL LEARNING, LIVABILITY PREDICTED: HISTORICAL PROSPECT AND CONTEMPORARY CREATION OF URBAN VITALITY

Author: WANG Jianguo

ABSTRACT: Chinese cities are entering a new historical stage of high-quality development, and urban vitality has become an important topic of general concern. This paper analyzes the concept and connotation of urban vitality, systematically traces the historical causes and sources of urban vitality, and analyzes the professional understanding of vitality by relevant international scholars. This paper mainly discusses the characteristics and the contemporary presentation mode of urban explicit vitality and implicit vitality, the five ways to create urban vitality, as well as the important role of digital urban design in the creation of contemporary urban vitality. At the end of the paper, it is pointed out that there are two development trends for contemporary cities, that is, they are moving from the multi-dimensional city to the universal digital city and from the city of collective will to the city of individual ubiquity.

KEYWORDS: urban vitality; explicit vitality; implicit vitality; place-making; algorithm era; livable city; digital urban design

♦ ON THE UNDERLYING INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE SPATIAL PLANNING

Author: ZHAO Yanjing

ABSTRACT: The spatial planning is not an extension of any traditional planning. Instead, it needs to design a new underlying infrastructure that is task-oriented. The spatial planning system should start from the authority granted by the state to the administrative departments of land and natural resources. The whole planning system, including the establishment, management, supervision, and public participation, is subject to a simple “meta-rule” –to maintain and increase the value of natural resources. Under this rule, the basis of planning work is to define legally the following three elements in turn: (1) what are the specific contents and scope of “natural resources”? (2) what is the relationship between “the ownership by all the people” and the others? (3) what are the rights and obligations of natural resource “owners”? Therefore, the spatial planning system should design new institutional and policy tools to define the rights and obligations of the central and local governments.

KEYWORDS: spatial planning; natural resources; transformation of planning

♦ FROM URBAN-RURAL COORDINATION TO MULTI-PLAN INTEGRATION: ORIGIN AND PRACTICE OF ZHEJIANG PROVINCE IN SPATIAL PLANNING

Author: ZHU Xigang; CUI Gonghao; HUANG Qinshi

ABSTRACT: Urban-rural coordination is the theoretical source and also the practical origin of multi-plan integration. From urban-rural coordination to multi-plan integration, then to the territorial and spatial planning, these changes appear to reflect the developing track of planning theory and practice in China. The “one blueprint model” presented in the general planning of Jiaxing City, which was guided and promoted by XI Jinping during his administration in Zhejiang Province, is an early exploration and practice of spatial planning in Zhejiang, China. It embodies the characteristics of strategic development, overall urban-rural development and comprehensive departments. Based on three planning experiments of different spatial scales in Jiaxing City, Haiyan County, and Shentang Town, the framework system of spatial planning with three levels and eight subsystems is constructed. Through the path from one base map to one blueprint of urban-rural area, the planning explores the transformation from urban dominance to the integrated development and protection of all spatial subjects in the urban system. The planning breaks through the traditional regulations of urban master planning, land use planning and urban system planning, and realizes the transition, integration and innovation under different planning contexts. The study of the origin and practice of spatial planning in Zhejiang Province is of forward-looking and leading significance.

KEYWORDS: urban-rural coordination; multi-plan integration; spatial planning; Zhejiang; Jiaxing

♦ IDENTIFICATION OF URBAN AREAS VULNERABLE TO HEAT WAVES AND COPING STRATEGIES: A CASE STUDY OF BEIJING CENTRAL CITY

Author: CHEN Kai; TANG Yan

ABSTRACT: Due to global warming, heat wave events have become a major type of extreme weather frequently occurring in cities. To enhance urban resilience and climate adaptation, it is significant to identify vulnerable areas and draw up corresponding planning strategies. Therefore, this article firstly summarizes the research progress on heat wave vulnerability. Then taking Beijing central city as an example, it builds a framework of heat wave vulnerability assessment based on heat wave events in 2015, to identify the spatial pattern of vulnerable areas in Beijing central city. The result shows that high-scored sub-districts are concentrated in the Xicheng and Fengtai districts, which should be given priority while implementing planning strategies. Furthermore, the article classifies these sub-districts into three policy zones: high-exposure action zone, high-sensitivity action zone, and low-adaptive capacity action zone, and proposes specific strategies.

KEYWORDS: heat wave; climate change; heat wave vulnerability; planning strategy

♦ INFLUENCE OF URBAN BUILT ENVIRONMENT COGNITION ON CHILDREN’S OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

Author: ZHU Wei; ZHAI Baoxin

ABSTRACT: At present, the increasingly motorized and static urban lifestyle has led to a sharp decline in children’s outdoor physical activities. To promote children’s outdoor activities from the perspective of urban planning, it is necessary to understand the rules of urban built environment affecting children’s outdoor activities. This article chose the 6 – 18 years old children and adolescents in Shanghai as the object, and obtained the data of the children’s outdoor activities and their parents’ cognition on the built environment through online questionnaire survey. An analytical model including three decision stages of the children’s outdoor activities was established, using the Hurdle Negative Binomial model and Beta model, to analyze the total amount of children’s outdoor activities affected by urban built environment and its distribution between strenuous activities and moderate activities. The results show that the factors of the children’s personality, and the families and the communities they are from have a greater impact on the children’s outdoor activities than the built environment factors; the parents’ concern about safety, accessibility, and quality of outdoor activities facilities has significant impacts; creating an independent, relaxed atmosphere for children may be an important social factor to promote children’s outdoor activities.

KEYWORDS: built environment; outdoor activities; children; Shanghai

♦ PROCESS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN BUILT-UP AREA EXPANSION IN JIANGSU-SHANGHAI REGION IN THE PAST 600 YEARS

Author: JIANG Yuchao; JIN Xiaobin; QIN Lijun; XUE Qiaofeng; CHENG Yinong; LONG Ying; YANG Xuhong; ZHOU Yinkang

ABSTRACT: Using historical documents, ancient maps, survey maps of the Republican period, and remote sensing images, this paper restores the urban built-up area boundaries of the 56 cities in Jiangsu-Shanghai region since the Ming Dynasty. The paper selects the expansion rate, expansion intensity, power-law distribution index, fractal dimension, compactness, and migration distance of city gravity center to analyze the urban evolution process in terms of city scale and spatial form. At the same time, the paper uses the panel data model to analyze the possible factors that influence the expansion of urban built-up areas. The results show that: (1) the size of urban built-up areas in Jiangsu-Shanghai region has increased significantly over the past 600 years, and the total area of the study area has expanded by 59.9 times, among which the main city of Wuxi has expanded by 346.7 times; (2) the process of the expansion can be divided into five stages: the breeding stage, the embryonic stage, the initial stage, the acceleration stage, and the upgrading stage; (3) during the 600 years, the difference in the size of urban built-up areas in the study area tends to decrease, and the number of large cities has increased; (4) in terms of spatial form, with the expansion of city scale, the urban form has become more complicated, the fractal dimension has increased, and the compactness of the urban form has decreased; (5) regarding the shift of the city gravity center, most cities in the plain area have expanded around the original cities evenly and the migration distances of the gravity centers are less than 3.5 km; (6) the expansion of city scale is greatly influenced by local economy and population, and its correlation with the urban administrative level is weak; the urban form has become more complicated due to population growth and has no significant correlation with the urban economic level and the urban hierarchy.

KEYWORDS: urban expansion; built-up area; changing process; Jiangsu-Shanghai region; 600 years

♦ URBAN RENEWAL SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF “RENT GAP” THEORY: A CASE STUDY OF GUANGZHOU

Author: DING Shouyi

ABSTRACT: System supply is the key to the success of urban renewal, and “rent gap”, a tool to measure the change of the total amount of land rent, provides a framework to analyze the system. Therefore, based on Smith’s “rent gap” model, this paper puts forward that the mechanism of renewal system is to postpone or advance the renewal opportunity of different stakeholders by creating differentiated “rent gap” and threshold value, so as to determine the way of interest distribution. Taking Guangzhou as an example, it can be concluded into four stages: government monopoly, government restraint, owner sharing, and multi-party balance. The paper reveals the realization path of “rent gap” under different external regulation conditions, and holds that under industrial civilization and capital logic, the dilemma of urban renewal lies in the dislocation of capital flow and policy objectives. Finally, combined with the connotation of ecological civilization, it puts forward some measures to guide the capital to serve the people through such approaches as subdividing property rights, granting development rights, and building a shared community.

KEYWORDS: system; rent gap; capital logic; ecological civilization; value in use

♦ PROPERTY RIGHTS INCENTIVE: INNOVATION OF SPATIAL GOVERNANCE TOWARDS URBAN SPATIAL RESOURCE REALLOCATION

Author: HUANG Junlin

ABSTRACT: Under the background of ecological civilization, China’s urban planning paradigm has changed from incremental planning to stock-based planning. In the phase of incremental planning, the logic of spatial resource allocation lies in the use of planning tools to achieve the value scissors of agricultural land conversion to non-agricultural use; in the phase of stock-based planning, the era of huge value-added gains from agricultural conversion to non-agricultural use will be gone forever, and the incremental planning method will face dilemma of failure. Different from the incremental era, the core of urban planning and governance in the stock-based planning era is to change the property rights form of spatial stock resources through planning tools, and to reduce the transaction cost and increase the total surplus utility in the process of reallocation with the help of policy tools arrangement, so as to stimulate the behavior of spatial resource reallocation. This paper puts forward the property rights incentive method for reallocation, which will help in the exploration of urban planning governance transformation in the stock-based planning period.

KEYWORDS: stock; spatial governance; reallocation; property rights incentive

♦ STUDY OF THE “TRANSLATION” MODE OF ACTOR-BASED PARTICIPATORY COMMUNITY PLANNING: A CASE STUDY OF PUNTOON WUYUE MICRO-REGENERATION IN GUANGZHOU

Author: RUI Guangye

ABSTRACT: There is a trend that the methods of participatory planning and joint creation are used in social governance under the background of sustainable development of community guided by the principle of “joint contribution, co-governance, and shared benefits” in ecological civilization construction. Based on the Actor Network theory, this article is going to use Puntoon Wuyue Micro-Regeneration as an example to discuss how participatory planning could be carried out from the perspective of the actors. First of all, the study uses the concept of “translation” in the Actor Theory, and puts forward the analysis framework and study hypothesis of “participatory translation”. Second, the study takes Puntoon Wuyue micro-regeneration in Guangzhou as an example to analyze the translation process among different actors in the participatory planning process, in order to prove and adjust the study hypothesis. In the end, the study puts forward an explanation model for the participatory planning of community, which centers at establishing the “consensus hub” in participation. What’s more, the participatory translation should take “problem demarcation, sharing power and responsibilities, recruitment, motivation, and disagreement” as the key links, and boost the development in a pattern of “spiral circulation”.

KEYWORDS: participatory planning; actor network; community micro–regeneration; translation; joint creation

♦ POPULATION DECONCENTRATION IN THE CENTER OF HISTORIC CITIES: A STUDY ON THE RESTORATION PRACTICE OF DATONG CITY, SHANXI PROVINCE

Author: FU Shulan; YOU Yihui

ABSTRACT: Based on a study of the restoration practice carried out in Datong City since 2008, this paper intends to discuss the recent hotspot issue of population deconcentration in the planning of historic city center. By comparing the original planning assumptions, the paper analyzes the functional space adjustment and the characteristics of population migration in the city center, and points out that the key influencing factor is the outward relocation and spatial layout of public facilities, especially the education facilities. By further analyzing the internal logics and problems of Datong’s practice, the paper puts forward two summary suggestions: (1) regarding the protection planning of historic city centers, it should add the contents about the spatial layout of various public facilities and the resettlement of the deconcentrated population; (2) to prevent the excessive loss of population in the historic city center, it should avoid the large-scale adjustment of the ratio of the various types of land use and set warning values for the key categories of land use.

KEYWORDS: historic city center; population deconcentration; Datong City, Shanxi Province; spatial layout of public facilities; resettlement

♦ URBAN DESIGN OF MEDIUM-SCALE MORPHOLOGY: A CASE STUDY OF NINE RIVERS IN NANTONG

Author: YANG Junyan; LU Xiaobo

ABSTRACT: For different practical scales, urban design has to deal with different problems. Medium-scale urban design must take into account the integrity and overall situation of a city, as well as the specific regulation or design of partial and key sections. The medium-scale, which is between macro-scale and micro-scale, acts as a bridging transition between upper and lower space. In response to the disappearing city identity and declined quality of public activities, featured space design of nine rivers in Nantong connects the macro-scale overall urban design and guides the regulatory design. As a design attempt of medium-scale morphology, it successfully achieves the bridging transition from macro to micro by spatial layout design at both overall and block levels, and implements the urban design via statutory chart and projects.

KEYWORDS: urban design; medium-scale; Urban morphology