City Planning Review（2019.11）

♦ Good Governance

Author: SHI Nan

♦ GREEN URBAN RENEWAL: AN IMPORTANT DIRECTION FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE NEW ERA

Author: LIN Jian; YE Zijun

ABSTRACT: Urban renewal is an eternal issue and it has specific missions during different phases of national development. In the context of building ecological civilization in the new era, green urban renewal will undoubtedly become an important direction for urban development. By discovering the era value of green urban renewal, this paper analyzes pervious explorations and realistic challenges of green urban renewal in China in different spatial scales. In line with the international trend of green urban renewal, this paper proposes a number of suggestions for the “14^th Five-Year Plan” period, including: (1) compiling the green urban renewal planning at first; (2) building green infrastructure network; (3) exploring green zero-carbon community renewal; (4) innovating green urban renewal mechanism and exploring new methods of implementation such as green land-stock land interaction mechanism and green lifecycle management.

KEYWORDS: green urban renewal; “14^th Five-Year Plan”; suggestion

♦ BASIC CONNOTATION, CURRENT SITUATION, AND DEVELOPMENT ORIENTATION OF HIGH-QUALITY DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE CITIES: BASED ON THE SURVEY OF RESIDENTS

Author: ZHANG Wenzhong; XU Jingxue; MA Renfeng; MA Shiping

ABSTRACT: The “Opinions of the State Council of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Promoting High-Quality Development” clearly pointed out that it is essential to put the interests of the people in a more prominent position and lead the overall high-quality development. Since China’s urbanization process is in a critical transition period, it is necessary to establish a people-centered development thinking, accelerate the transformation of urban development methods, clarify the theoretical system of urban high-quality development, and clarify the implementation path of urban high-quality development, which is not only the strategic orientation and main content of urban construction in the future, but also the key to curing various “urban diseases” in different regions of China. This paper first analyzes the scientific connotation and theoretical bases of urban high-quality development, and then uses the questionnaire survey data that the research team have accumulated over the years to analyze the problems that need to be solved in the process of high-quality development of Chinese cities, and puts forward four development orientations of urban high-quality development.

KEYWORDS: high-quality development of cities; theoretical basis; human settlements; urban problems

♦ RURAL HOMESTEADS: FROM RESOURCES, ASSETS TO CAPITAL

Author: HAN Gaofeng; YUAN Qifeng; WEN Tianrong

ABSTRACT: As a welfare-oriented resource that is distributed nationally, the rural homestead with collective ownership cannot enter the formal market due to lack of innate property rights. Under the socialist market economy, it has gradually become a notable problem impeding the free flow of urban and rural land resources and restricting new type urbanization and rural revitalization. On the basis of the separation of land ownership and use rights, the current reform of the “tripartite-based rural homestead system” continues to maintain the public ownership of homesteads by means of the collective ownership of land and increases the membership of collective economic organizations to make homesteads as guarantee for rural families’ assets and income rights. It attempts to release the restrictions on the use right of homesteads and make them accessible to the market, to achieve their capitalization. Based on the three clues of academic research, institutional evolution, and reform practice respectively, this paper studies the logical relationship between resources, assets, and capital. By observing and analyzing the phenomenon of rural homesteads, it aims to resolve the phenomenon of “urbanization characterized by ‘amphibious’ population,” and explores a way for an upcoming rural-homestead system reform in the 14^th Five-Year Plan period.

KEYWORDS: rural homestead; resources; assets; capital; urbanization characterized by amphibious population

♦ CONCEPT AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES OF THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT BOUNDARY: RE-EXPLORATION IN THE SPATIAL PLANNING SYSTEM OF CHINA

Author: ZHAO Min; CHENG Yao; PAN Haixia

ABSTRACT: The establishment of the spatial planning system is a systematic project, which requires a series of institutional innovations, including the delineation of “three control lines” such as the urban development boundary, as well as the construction of land use classification and control system. This paper first traces the origin of the concept of urban development boundary; then, by comparing the Chinese and foreign practice and performance, the paper expounds the design of urban development boundary institution in the Chinese context; finally, in response to the establishment of the spatial planning system and its implementation supervision in China, the paper tries to clarify the functions of the urban development boundary, and to make it comprehensive in connotation and demonstrate the implementation strategies such as the hierarchical transmission.

KEYWORDS: spatial planning; urban development boundary; international comparison; implementation strategies

♦ EXPLORATION OF IMPLEMENTATION-ORIENTED SPATIAL PLAN AT COUNTY/ DISTRICT LEVEL: A CASE STUDY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR URBAN-RURAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF QINGJIANGPU DISTRICT, HUAI’AN CITY

Author: WU Jiang; CAO Chun; WANG Xin; YANG Hu; WANG Weixi

ABSTRACT: With the establishment of the “five levels and three categories” spatial planning framework, the current work of spatial planning in China, which has entered a special transition period, needs overall exploration and promotion at all levels. In the transitional period, it is necessary for county/district-level spatial planning to deal with challenges like lack of upper-level planning, unclear control content, demands of lower-level planning for guidance, as well as improvement of basic technical supports including basic figure and system standards. Therefore, this paper provides an “implementation-oriented” discussion focusing on multi-level and multi-variety problems, to address the essential demands of county/district-level spatial planning. The paper defines the linking logic of the “top-to-down transmission” framework, to help county/district-level spatial planning to better play its systemic role. It advocates “incremental innovation” of compilation methods, to deepen the scientific and innovative nature of the spatial planning reform. In addition, this paper conducts a case study on the Implementation Plan for Urban-Rural Spatial Development of Qingjiangpu District, Huai’an City, to explore the compilation of implementation-oriented spatial plan at county/ district level in the transitional period.

KEYWORDS: county/district-level spatial planning; implementation-oriented; bottom-line control; flexible guidance; transmission innovation

♦ PLANNING OF URBAN BREAST-FEEDING FACILITIES IN CHINESE CITIES: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE

Author: LEI Cheng; XU Jiaming; ZHU Kai

ABSTRACT: The construction of breast-feeding facilities is one of the important contents reflecting our urban civilization and humanistic caring. Under the background of the universal two-child policy applied in China, the contradiction between supply and demand of breast-feeding facilities in public places has increasingly become the focus of social attention. It is urgent to explore the theory and method of planning such special subsidiary facilities. By summarizing research and practice related to the construction of breast-feeding facilities at home and abroad, this paper clarifies the theoretical basis of breast-feeding facilities configuration and constructs the planning framework of breast-feeding facilities based on the reality of facilities construction. Based on the case study in Suzhou, which practices the planning of breast-feeding facilities in public places, and combining with the planning framework, this paper puts forward the spatial construction strategies including coordinating overall layout, classified supply system, graded construction standards, implementation of zoning planning, and guarantee of local laws and regulations. It is expected that explorations on planning of affiliated public service facilities represented by breast-feeding facilities will help build up children-friendly cities and make our cities “warmer”.

KEYWORDS: breast-feeding facilities; public places; affiliated public service facilities; planning formulation; Suzhou

♦ PLANNING THEORY AND THE PROGRESS OF CHINESE PLANNING THEORY SINCE 1978

Author: CAO Kang; ZHANG Tingwei

ABSTRACT: Adopting diachronic and thematic analytical frameworks, this paper generally reviews the evolution of Chinese planning theory since 1978 by its nature as policy-related, application-based, and practice-oriented. It argues that planning theory changes over times and has a nationally contextual sensitive nature. In addition, as contemporary Chinese planning theory is different from the Western one, it may not be an appropriate approach to study the contemporary Chinese planning theory thoroughly within the Western theoretical framework.

KEYWORDS: urban planning in China; planning theory; since 1978

♦ PLURALISTIC AND PARTICIPATORY COMMUNITY GOVERNANCE MODEL OF CHINESE CITIES IN TRANSITIONAL PERIOD

Author: BIAN Fang; LV Bin

ABSTRACT: As China ’s socio-economic development is entering into a transition phase, the fundamental interests of urban residents are becoming diversified, complex, and fragmented. When dealing with community environmental renovation, infrastructure & facilities constructions, and public service supplies, urban community governance in China should be adjusted according to the new upcoming challenges. Against this background, this paper points out that “main participating stakeholders,” “community management and organization framework,” “related policy and legislation,” and “resource management & supply” are the four crucial dimensions of community governance, which are thusly adopted as the theoretical framework to unravel the complex governing dynamics of community governance in contemporary China. This paper argues that current community governance system falls short in fully accommodating the demands of community development due to “ambiguity of participants,” “excessive administrative intervention on community management,” “insufficient legislative regulation,” and “ill-managed fiscal and financing system.” Therefore, this paper argues that through the integration and pluralization of participatory bodies, diversification of community organization, and multiplication of participation accesses, the efficacy and pertinence of tackling community public commons can be improved. Therefore, a pluralistic & participatory community governance model is proposed so to provide more theoretical and practical implications to community governance in China.

KEYWORDS: community governance; participatory governance; community development; pluralism

♦ SOCIAL AREA ANALYSIS AND URBAN PLANNING OF SUZHOU

Author: YANG Ying; FENG Jian

ABSTRACT: Using data including the housing property from the Sixth Census of Suzhou in 2010, this paper studies the characteristics and formation mechanism of social areas in Suzhou and analyzes the relationship between social area and urban planning of Suzhou. Spatial statistical results reveal five factors: non-working age population, intellectuals, migrant population, settled working population, and living condition. These factors form five types of social areas, including local employment population areas, migrant population areas, spacious suburban areas, intellectual areas, and non-working age population areas. The two factors–the non-working age population and the settled working population–reflect the latest impact of the aging society and the development of the real estate market on the urban social space of Suzhou. This paper summarizes the formation mechanism of social areas in Suzhou, in the hope of giving an insight into urban development and benefiting the future people-oriented urban planning.

KEYWORDS: urban socio-spatial structure; social area; socio-spatial differentiation; urban planning; Suzhou

♦ HOW TO MAKE A GOOD PRACTICAL VILLAGE PLAN: OBSERVATION AND REFLECTIONS ON THE INFORMAL LAND TRANSFER

Author: JIAN Hongbo; DUAN Degang; ZHANG Bing

ABSTRACT: Taking Village S as a case, this paper analyzes the causes of informal land transfer and its impact on village planning. It reveals some basic laws of village space generation, which should be taken seriously in village planning. In addition, it puts forward three suggestions for making a good practical village plan: (1) practical policy design is the basis and guarantee for implementation of practical village plan; (2) practical village planning should make full use of “rigid” tools; (3) practical village planning requires the use of “flexible” tools by solving problems through negotiations.

KEYWORDS: practical village plan; informal land transfer; homestead; rural construction; rural space development

♦ MEASURING SPATIAL ACCESSIBILITY TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY SPACES IN HANGZHOU USING 2SFCA METHOD

Author: WEI Fang; WANG Xin

ABSTRACT: Promoting an active lifestyle by shaping the built environment has become one of the important measures to improve urban health. As an important material carrier of the active lifestyle, physical activity space plays a significant role in the potential health promotion of the physical environment. Taking Hangzhou as an example, this study uses GIS spatial analysis and Gaussian-based 2SFCA to identify 409 different levels and types of physical activity spaces (PAS) in 41 sub-districts in the main urban area, and analyzes their distribution characteristics and accessibility. The results suggest an intra-urban inequity of PAS distribution, which shows strong spatial polarization characteristics. Although the density of PAS is highly correlated with the density of population, the level of accessibility does reveal significant disparities across space, indicating that there is a certain spatial difference between the supply and requirement. Urban planners should prioritize the deprived areas of PAS to enhance physical activity in urban environment when developing a comprehensive plan for creating a healthy, active city.

KEYWORDS: active living; physical active space; Gaussian-based 2SFCA; accessibility

♦ EXPLORATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF AESTHETIC SPACE WITH “ARTISTIC CONCEPTION” IN RURAL AREAS

Author: YAO Yifeng

ABSTRACT: Rural landscape aesthetics is the spatial manifestation of the fundamental concept of man-land relationship, which is deeply related to the direction of sustainable development. The artistic conception of Chinese traditional countryside and landscape painting are homologous, and the aesthetic space of countryside has the characteristics, structure and philosophical origin of corresponding landscape painting. This paper studies the rural aesthetic space structure system from a perspective composed of the objective and subjective multi-level, multi-perspective, and multi-source collection; it uses landscape painting as the basis to examine the poetic habitation of rural landscape, to analyze the relationship between rural aesthetic space at different scales and the context formation process. The aesthetic realm of the traditional rural reserved and elegant charm reflects the humanistic spirit, ethics and aesthetic value formed in Chinese history. This style has a long history of stability and continuity in the Han cultural region. Along with modern China’s large-scale rapid urbanization development, chaos appears in the planning and design of rural aesthetic space. In addition, due to the impact of westernization and globalization and the loss of traditional humanistic concept, the local symbols and the traditional meaning contained in rural aesthetic space are constantly deconstructed and reconstructed. This paper explores the method of constructing rural aesthetic space, realizing the harmony between human and natural landscape, and maintaining a sustainable development.

KEYWORDS: traditional villages; landscape painting; aesthetic space; landscape pattern; man-land relationship

♦ RESEARCH STATUS OF RURAL COMMUNITY PUBLIC SPACE IN CHINA AND RELATED REFLECTIONS

Author: LI Jiayan; YAN Jin; WANG Jing

ABSTRACT: In the context of the new countryside construction, “rural community” and its related terms have become a hot social and research concern in various fields. The research on “public space” has also been widely carried out in the planning field. Based on the related theoretical literature and research in China, this paper analyzes the rural community public space from the perspective of origin, concept, research methods and theories, research direction and trends, etc., and finds that the research depth and width as well as the theoretical innovation are not enough and need to be further improved. The paper then proposes some suggestions, including carrying out multidisciplinary integration and methodological innovation, probing into different types of rural community studies, restructuring public space through multilateral collaborative involvement, improving applied development theories, etc.

KEYWORDS: rural community; public space; overview