City Planning Review（2025.4）

♦ PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION MODES AND STRATEGIES FOR INDUSTRIAL RESETTLEMENT HOUSING: A CASE STUDY OF SUZHOU CITY

Author：SHI Jiahong; WANG Yizhe; XU Wenbo; WANG Xingping

ABSTRACT:In order to better promote the practice of urban industrial renewal, this paper conducts a rational reflection on current urban renewal practice based on the theory of industrial ecosystems. From a comprehensive, systematic, and interconnected perspective, it introduces a novel concept and model of “industrial resettlement housing” for urban renewal. Taking the industrial renewal resettlement practice in Suzhou as the researchsubject, the paper finds that the widely adopted monetary resettlement model in current industrial renewal practice has increasingly imposed significant burdens and obstacles on both the government and enterprises, becoming a major constraint that hinders the development of urban industrial renewal. Recently, some “quasi-in-kind

resettlement” explorations have emerged in various parts of Suzhou, which to some extent demonstrate the necessity and essential characteristics of “industrial resettlement housing”. On this basis, the paper further develops an overall strategy for the planning and construction of industrial resettlement housing, proposing planning and construction objectives, basic forms, principles, spatial site selection strategies, spatial supply strategies, and spatial operation strategies.

KEYWORDS: industrial resettlement housing; planning and construction; model; strategy; Suzhou; industrial space renewal

♦ THE INDICATOR SYSTEM AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCING SCHOOL TRAVEL MODE CHOICE

Author：XU Shouheng; ZHUANG Weimin

ABSTRACT: The impact of the built environment (BE) on the school travel mode choice (STMC) is relatively complex. This paper starts from the core mechanisms of three major conceptual models and constructs an indicator system based on the P-P matrix framework and co-occurrence network relationships. Then, through two rounds of interactive testing questionnaire surveys, the adaptability of the core mechanisms and the validity of the indicator system are empirically tested. The findings reveal that parents’ attitudes and children’s preferences are mediating factors between the BE and STMC, and are moderated by parental accompaniment. In the first- and secondlevel indicators, safety and its corresponding aspects of transportation safety, neighborhood safety, and facility safety are given greater emphasis, followed by the integrity of infrastructure. Among the tertiary indicators, higher attention is focused on?school location, motor vehicle traffic (speed, volume, and accident rate), the proportion of main roads, and intersection facilities. Considering the significant impact of the proximity principle on school admission, despite proximity having a “limited impact”?on its own, it is nonetheless “extremely important”. Comfort and attractiveness, along with related factors, receive less attention, but their potential impacts and synergistic effects still require further research for confirmation.

KEYWORDS: school travel mode choice; built environment; traffic safety; neighborhood safety; connectivity of streets

♦ MECHANISMS AND PATHS OF CROSS-BORDER GOVERNANCE AT ASYMMETRICAL SCALES IN METROPOLITAN AREAS: A CASE STUDY OF NANSHAN DISTRICT OF SHENZHEN AND HONG KONG

Author：WEI Yuhao; YU Tao

ABSTRACT: The promotion of cross-border governance by lower-level governments in metropolitan areas is often restricted due to the asymmetry of scales. Through the case study of Nanshan District of Shenzhen and Hong Kong, this paper proposes that there are two processes of crossborder governance at asymmetric scales. One is the vertical rescaling between governments to promote the flow of capital and talent across borders; the other is the horizontal polycentric governance between the governments, enterprises, and social organizations to meet the needs of cross-border talents for living and work. Along with each process, there are special policy-supported industrial parks, grass-roots community service centers, specialized service platforms, and life service venues as spatial carriers. In the end, the paper presents specific paths to promoting the cross-border governance at asymmetric scales in metropolitan areas, such as giving full play to the advantages of governments at various levels through rescaling, consolidating cross-border cooperation through polycentric governance, and providing services for cross-border elements through platform construction.

KEYWORDS:metropolitan area; cross-border governance; asymmetric scale; rescaling; polycentric governance

♦ PLANNING GAINS IN URBAN REGENERATION: KING’S CROSS AS A CASE

Author：HE Jinghuan; CHEN Sinan; QI Dongjin; CHEN Bomin; ZHU Weipeng

ABSTRACT: : The UK has begun exploring the mechanism of planning gains since 1909. The practice of planning gain profoundly influenced the nationalization of land development rights in 1947, and laid the legal foundation for the subsequent rise in price and going to the public. This paper introduces the historical development of planning gain in the UK and current institutional tools. The implementation of multiple development goals, particularly the mechanism of public restoration of land value incremental gains at the community level, are examined through a regeneration project - the King’s Cross in London. By summarizing the key elements of planning gain in the process of urban regeneration, including the identification of the object of restoration (public interest), the definition of the content of public restoration based on outcomes rather than outputs, and the “development agreement” as an important tool for implementing the planning obligations, the paper proposes some suggestions for optimizing the practice of urban regeneration and the system of planning gain in China.

KEYWORDS: planning gains; planning obligation; infrastructure levy; King’s Cross; representative of public interest

♦ A STUDY ON SYMBIOSIS MODE IDENTIFICATION AND COLLABORATIVE REGENERATION PATH BETWEEN HISTORIC DISTRICTS AND ADJACENT AREAS FROM A HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE

Author：XIAO Jing; ZHANG Ruizhu; LIU Huanning; LIU Peng; CAO Ke

ABSTRACT: Historic districts have close spatial  and functional connections with their neighboring areas. The existing methods for historic districts conservation and regeneration are most likely oriented towards responding to the spatial impact of rapid urbanization and alleviating the decline of traditional functions in their inner areas. They focus on the spatial conservation and functional development of the historic district itself, neglecting the symbiotic relationship between the district and adjacent areas. This can easily lead to the problem of “islanding” of the historic district’s space and function, which hinders its integration into the overall urban development. To this end, this article introduces the holistic concept of heritage conservation and the theory of symbiosis, taking historic districts and their adjacent areas as symbiotic units, exploring and analyzing the symbiotic relationships between the two spatial fields in terms of function, transportation, facilities, and culture. On this basis, three symbiotic modes of game symbiosis, embedded symbiosis, and coupling symbiosis are summarized, and three collaborative regeneration paths of competition and cooperation, catalyst activation, and edge patching are proposed, in order to provide useful references for the research and practice of historic district conservation and regeneration in China.

KEYWORDS: historic district; adjacent area; spatial field; symbiosis model; integral conservation; coordinated development; collaborative regeneration

♦ IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF URBAN RELATIVE POVERTY SPACE BASED ON STREET VIEW IMAGES: A CASE STUDY OF GUANGZHOU CENTRAL CITY

Author：YUAN Yuan; SHEN Ruixi; LI Shan; WU Qingyu; CHEN Xi

ABSTRACT: With the comprehensive victory in China’s poverty alleviation efforts, relative poverty has become the next key research focus. The spatial clustering of relatively poor populations within cities is a critical area for high-quality urban regeneration and improvements in the living environment. How can such spaces be effectively identified? Traditional socio-economic statistics and census data have long update cycles, while multi-source urban data have limitations in both variety and coverage. Moreover, these data are not strongly correlated with the characteristics of the built environment, making them insufficient for assessing high-quality urban regeneration. Street imagery data, on the other hand, have shorter update cycles and finer spatial coverage, enabling timely

and effective reflection of the socio-economic and built environment characteristics of surrounding areas. This study takes 79 sub-districts and 813 neighborhood committees in the central urban area of Guangzhou as a case study. Using multi-source big data and a result-oriented convolutional neural network (CNN), we conduct deep learning on massive street-view images to develop a model for identifying and predicting relative poverty spaces at the neighborhood committee level. Empirical results demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. This study contributes to the identification of highquality urban regeneration areas and supports the formulation of targeted, refined spatial policies for urban regeneration.

KEYWORDS: relative poverty; street view image; Convolutional Neural Network; Identification and Assessment; Guangzhou Central City

♦ PERCEPTION, DEDUCTION, GENERATION, AND SIMULATION: A STUDY ON INTELLIGENT URBAN DESIGN METHODS

Author：YANG Junyan; SHENG Huaxing; SHI Beixiang; CUI Ao; SUN Haocheng; MA Wei

ABSTRACT: Driven by the new generation of multimodal and explainable artificial intelligence technologies, human-computer interactive digital urban design is fostering numerous new development possibilities. Within the framework of the fourth-generation urban design paradigm, this paper explores intelligent urban design methods centered on deep learning, large language models, and mixed reality. We propose an exploratory framework of “Perception-Deduction-GenerationSimulation”. Perception involves the collection and sensing of street views, crowd behavior patterns, and urban imagery. Deduction entails predictive decision-making regarding development needs, spatial structures, and morphological patterns. Generation includes the creation and optimization of facility layouts and three-dimensional scenes. Simulation involves interactive validation of spatial models, physiological comfort, and behavioral dynamics. Based on this framework, this study applies an urban design case of Zhongyang Road in Nanjing to showcase innovative attempts to integrate intelligent technologies into urban design, providing insights for enhancing its scientific rigor and human-centered approach.

KEYWORDS: intelligence urban design; artificial intelligence; intelligent perception; intelligent deduction; intelligent generation; intelligent simulation; urban design

♦ THE OPEN FRAMEWORK MODEL OF URBAN DESIGN AND ITS PRACTICE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO STRUCTURE PARADIGMS

Author：YANG Chao

ABSTRACT: Other-organization and selforganization have long been a central proposition in the discipline of planning and design. Research in urban design, particularly methodological studies based on the dialectical unity of these two concepts, remains relatively scarce. In the context of innovation-driven urban development, the importance and necessity of self-organization structures are increasingly prominent, warranting deeper exploration. Through systematic analysis and comparison of structural principles, spatial development models, applicability, and respective strengths and weaknesses, this paper proposes a planning and design concept centered on spontaneous order construction within the complex systems. Then it establishes a preliminary “open framework” thinking model that can integrate the two paradigms, including its essential nature, content composition, and basic characteristics,serving as an underlying logic of urban design. Finally, based on several design practices, it further illustrates the application of this model across different scales and types, in order to provide a possibility for expanding and refining existing design paradigms.

KEYWORDS: urban design; other-organization; self-organization; open framework; facility and algorithm; underlying thinking model

♦ CHANGES AND TRENDS IN JOBS-HOUSING SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP IN BEIJING OVER THE PAST TWENTY YEARS: NEW DEVELOPMENTS BASED ON POPULATION CENSUS AND ECONOMIC SURVEY DATA

Author：ZHANG Chun; ZHANG Jingnan; ZHANG Weitao; ZHU Gaoru

ABSTRACT：The spatial relationship between employment and housing in Chinese cities has undergone significant changes in the past two decades. Taking the megacity of Beijing as an example, this paper adopts the GIS spatial analysis method to identify the spatial characteristics of employment and housing within Beijing’s administrative region based on the residential population data by town/township/subdistrict from the fifth, sixth, and seventh censuses and the employment population data from the economic basic unit census in the same period, and reveals the changing patterns of employment and housing space in different years since 2000. The findings show that the trend of residential suburbanization with centrifugal dispersion has intensified, and that the development of suburban and exurban employment centers is more pronounced after 2010. With regard to the change of jobs-housing spatial relationship, the jobs-housing ratio has remained relatively stable over the past decade. However, the attraction of employment centers in the outer suburbs has increased, and the jobs-housing imbalance between the north and the south of the city has become more obvious. The outbound/inbound ratio of urban rail transit further confirms these changes. The paper demonstrates the changing trend of China’s megacities from agglomeration to decentralization, which offers insights into the adjustment of the functional layout centered on the evolution pattern of jobs-housing spatial relationship, and also provides a reference for the construction of suburban

railways and the optimization of rail transit networks in the future metropolitan area.

KEYWORDS：jobs-housing spatial relationship; jobs-housing balance; employment center; rail transit; Beijing

♦ EVALUATION OF GREEN SPACE AVAILABILITY IN MOUNTAIN CITY COMMUNITIES: A CASE STUDY OF YUZHONG DISTRICT IN CHONGQING, CHINA

Author：ZHU Weina; WU Haoyan; HAN Guifeng; YE Lin; JIANG Wen

ABSTRACT：Community green space play a vital role in promoting residents’ physical and mental health, serving as a key indicator of a highquality living environment. From the perspective of subjective-objective interaction, this paper develops an evaluation model for community green space availability based on three dimensions: transportation accessibility, visual visibility, and service attractiveness. It visualizes the spatial distribution of green space availability and identifies the main obstacle factors affecting availability in Liang-Shang area (Lianglukou and Shangqingsi sub-districts) of Yuzhong District, Chongqing. The paper reveals three key findings. First, green space availability presents significant spatial heterogeneity, characterized by a layered attenuation pattern

radiating outward from large-scale, high-density green spaces, with localized interlaced distribution. Second, service attractiveness is the dominant dimension affecting availability, while transportation accessibility and visual visibility play reinforcing roles. All three dimensions demonstrate varying degrees of spatial imbalance. Third, green space availability is not only affected by the synergistic effect of green space size, type, and location, but also affected by multiple factors such as topography, field of view, and accessibility. Finally, it proposes a “menu-style” approach for improving community green space availability, which integrates multidimensional coordination, multi-factor synergy, and multi-type integration, in order to enhance the tangible benefits derived from green spaces whileimproving residents’ life satisfaction and well being.

KEYWORDS：mountain city; community green space; availability; barrier factors to availability; “menu-style” optimization strategy

♦ IMPACTS OF URBAN SPATIAL MORPHOLOGY ON CARBON EMISSIONS FROM A MULTI-SCALE PERSPECTIVE: PATHS AND KEY ISSUES

Author：LI Muhan; CHEN Tian; ZUO Minghao

ABSTRACT：Cities are responsible for the majority of carbon dioxide emissions, and the spatial morphology of cities is intrinsically linked to their carbon footprint. The way cities develop is crucial for achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. Based on the cognitive evolution of urban spatial morphology, three key dimensions for measuring urban morphology have been identified: density, morphology, and structure. Grounded in existing theories, this paper reviews previous research on how urban spatial morphology affects carbon emissions at regional, urban, and neighborhood scales, and summarizes the paths and mechanisms through which urban morphology affects emissions in terms of transportation, industry, and the built environment. Based on existing research and planning practices, the paper concludes with a proposal of key issues concerning the impact of urban spatial morphology on carbon emissions under the dual carbon goals from the perspectives of framework, mechanism, and practice, with a view to providing scientific guidance for the research on carbon emission reduction and the planning and

construction of low-carbon cities in China.

KEYWORDS：urban spatial morphology; urban carbon emissions; low-carbon urban planning; dual carbon goals