City Planning Review（2024.9）

♦EXPLORATORY RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION OF URBAN AND RURAL PLANNING IN COUNTRIES ALONG THE BELT AND ROAD AND THEIR COOPERATION WITH CHINA

Author: WANG Xingping; LU Yufei; LI Yingcheng; Tegegne Gebre-Egziabher BELAY

ABSTRACT: Higher education cooperation in the field of urban and rural planning is of great significance to boosting people-to-people exchanges in countries along the Belt and Road. However, existing research pays relatively little attention to the development of higher education of urban and rural planning in countries along the Belt and Road and their cooperation with China. Based on the collected basic information on 260 universities in 65 countries along the Belt and Road, this paper analyzes the development of urban and rural planning and related majors offered by each school in terms of teaching staff, curriculum, and international cooperation. On this basis, the paper concludes that the higher education of urban and rural planning in countries along the Belt and Road has the following four characteristics: relatively low development level; significant differences in development; loose connection among industry, academia, research and application; being strongly influenced by Western universities. Then it discusses the development of higher education of urban and rural planning and its cooperation with China by focusing on representative universities in Africa, Southeast and South Asia, the Middle East, West Asia and Middle Asia, as well as their cooperation with China. Finally, it puts forward suggestions on strengthening international cooperation in higher education of urban and rural planning of countries along the Belt and Road from reinforcing research foundation, balancing regional cooperation, enriching cooperation types, establishing cooperation mechanisms, and focusing on cooperation priorities.

KEYWORDS: Belt and Road; urban and rural planning; higher education; international cooperation

♦FROM “ANTI-MAGNETIC CENTER” TO “REGIONAL NODE CITY”: FUNCTIONAL EVOLUTION AND PLANNING STRATEGIES FOR NEW TOWNS IN MEGACITIES IN THE NEW ERA

Author: XU Su; ZHAO Min

ABSTRACT: In the new era, the role and planning strategies of new towns are evolving in response to the challenges posed by megacities (including megacities and metropolitan areas, hereinafter referred to as “megacities”). Drawing upon theoretical concepts such as Garden City, polycentric urban region, global city network, and “space of flows”, this paper reviews the process of new town development both domestically and internationally to explore their foundational and strategic significance and interprets emerging trends. On the one hand, new towns continue to serve as “anti-magnetic centers”, alleviating population and industrial congestion in central areas of megacities. On the other hand, the roles of new towns are evolving into “regional node cities”. In light of this, the paper concludes by exploring the new understanding of new towns and planning strategies in the new era. Since megacities are often characterized by global connectivity and advanced production and service industries exhibit both clustering and dispersion trends, these industries can be distributed across different hierarchical centers. Certain new towns, serving as sub-centers of megacities, can thus emerge as node cities within global/regional productive service networks. Therefore, it is crucial to proactively design and guide the functional evolution of new towns in the new era, thereby enhancing their dual role as anti-magnetic centers and regional node cities.

KEYWORDS: megacities; new town planning and development; anti-magnetic center; regional node city; planning strategies

♦NETWORK STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF BEIJING-TIANJIN-HEBEI URBAN AGGLOMERATION BASED ON ENTERPRISE DATA: APPLICATION OF REGIONAL SOCIAL NETWORK AND HYPERNETWORK ANALYSIS

Author: LU Qing; NING Jing

ABSTRACT: In the context of regional cooperation and economic intra-circulation, the real economic linkages of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration are analyzed from the perspective of enterprise data. Based on the social network analysis method, this paper establishes a single-layer network structure, and uses the hypernetwork method to analyze the interaction, cooperation, and influence inside and among layers of the “region-industry” hypernetwork. The results show that: (1) the regional sub-network based on the enterprise measurement shows a large development gap and imbalanced resource allocation, in which Beijing metropolitan area and Shijiazhuang metropolitan area occupy a prominent position, while the radiation of Tianjin is limited to the city area; (2) the industry sub-network based on the capital circulation measurement has a prominent impact on manufacturing, leasing, business services, wholesale and retailing, finance, and scientific research and technology services; (3) major industry categories in the hypernetwork are similar, and the relevant indicators are higher in districts and counties of Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang, but more industrial capital outflows go to Beijing and Tianjin rather than Shijiazhuang. These findings are of great value in promoting regional innovation-driven synergistic development.

KEYWORDS: enterprise data; Beijing-Tianjin- Hebei urban agglomeration; social network analysis; “region-industry” hypernetwork analysis; network structure

♦PARAMETERIZED REGULATION PLANNING FRAMEWORK FOR ECOLOGICAL RISK IN MINING CITIES: BASED ON THE CORRELATION MECHANISM BETWEEN ECOLOGICAL RISK AND LANDSCAPE PATTERN

Author: LI Sui; GAO Peng; SHI Tiemao; ZHOU Shiwen; WANG Xun

ABSTRACT: It has become an important part of the territorial planning system to carry out in-depth exploration of the influence mechanism of landscape pattern on the ecological process and to use the results of ecological risk evaluation as the scientific basis for the optimization of the spatial layout. This paper takes Haicheng-Dashiqiao mining area, the largest magnesium industry base in China, as the research object, and forms a risk regulation planning framework based on landscape pattern parameters by establishing a comprehensive ecological risk index multiple regression model. The results of the study show that: (1) the comprehensive ecological risk index formed by principal component analysis can integrate the characteristics of multiple indicators and better reflect the comprehensive ecological risk situation; (2) the multiple regression model established with landscape pattern parameters as variables has a good explanatory capacity for the comprehensive ecological risk index, and through sensitivity analysis, it is able to characterize the extent of the contribution of different landscape pattern parameters to ecological risk; (3) the study based on the correlation mechanism between ecological risk and landscape pattern provides a quantitative basis for the ecological risk regulation by use of spatial planning. This paper proposes a spatial planning and design method for risk process intervention under the pattern-process mutual feedback theory of landscape ecology, which provides a highly operable planning framework for the prevention and avoidance of ecological risks in mining cities.

KEYWORDS: ecological risk; mining city; landscape pattern; multiple regression analysis; parameterized regulation

♦RESEARCH ON INNOVATION SPACE UNIT AND INNOVATION NETWORK IN GUANGZHOU-FOSHAN METROPOLITAN AREA

Author: LIU Pengfei; YUAN Qifeng; ZHAN Wei; LI Gang

ABSTRACT: Based on the dual attributes of the “field” space for agglomerating innovative elements and the “flow” node of the regional innovation network, the conceptual hypothesis of the innovation space unit is proposed. This paper explores the pattern and type of innovation space units in the Guangzhou-Foshan Metropolitan Area, as well as the structure and mode of innovation network by using invention patent application data and DBSCAN (density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise). The findings are as follows: (1) 58 innovation space units are identified, and the conceptual hypothesis is verified; (2) the innovation space units of Guangzhou-Foshan Metropolitan Area show a pattern of “one area with multiple cores and multiple nodes”, and can be divided into three categories and seven sub-categories according to the characteristics of the units, including innovation zone, industrial zone, and mixed science and technology park; (3) the innovation space unit network of Guangzhou-Foshan Metropolitan Area presents a “fishbone radial” structure centered around Guangzhou City, with four typical innovation network models identified, including the industry-university-research cooperative innovation network model of universities and research institutes, the innovation network model of leading enterprise groups, the cooperative innovation network model of institutional enterprises and institutions, and the mixed innovation network model.

KEYWORDS: innovation space unit; innovation network; innovation space; Guangzhou-Foshan Metropolitan Area

♦RURAL CONSTRUCTION PATH BASED ON THE LINKAGE OF VILLAGE PLANNING, VILLAGE CONSTRUCTION, AND VILLAGE MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF RURAL CO-CREATION EXPERIMENT AT YUCUN VILLAGE IN ZHEJIANG PROVINCE

Author: LIU Di

ABSTRACT: The long-standing urban-rural dual structure in China has resulted in significant differences in land use and administrative operating mechanisms between urban and rural areas, making it difficult for China to replicate the successes and experience gained from urban construction in rural construction. The village planning that bears the imprint of urban planning thought has long proven impractical, inappropriate, and disjointed from village construction, operation, and management. Drawing on the concept of co-creation and grounded in the existing practical understanding in the academic community, this paper compares the differences between rural construction and urban construction models, and proposes “practical” village planning that centers around entities responsible for local affairs, “endogenous” village construction actions based on villagers’ needs, and “autonomous” village regulations and agreements formulated with the participation of multiple stakeholders. It further proposes an entire-process governance strategy for rural construction that hinges on the co-creation path encompassing “village planning, village construction, and village management”, and substantiates the strategy based on an empirical study of the planning for Yucun Village in Zhejiang Province.

KEYWORDS: co-creation; rural revitalization; village planning; rural construction; Yucun Village; village regulations and agreements

♦PSR EVALUATION OF SPATIAL AGGLOMERATION OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE SMALL WATERSHED AT THE SOUTH PIEDMONT OF THE QINLING MOUNTAINS: A CASE STUDY OF ZHASHUI SECTION OF THE QIANYOU RIVER BASIN

Author: WU Feng; KANG Junying; PAN Shaoli

ABSTRACT: Small watershed is the spatial carrier of rural settlements in mountainous areas. With the implementation of new urbanization construction and rural revitalization strategy, the settlements here have seen dramatic changes, entering a phase of more intensive and contractive agglomeration. In order to better find out the change and agglomeration state and trend and to put forward reasonable optimization suggestions and guidance for settlement development, there is an urgent need for appropriate evaluation tools and methods. Therefore, in view of the reality of scattered settlement patches in the small watershed at the south piedmont of the Qinling Mountains and with the help of the “pressure-state-response” evaluation model, this paper first of all proposes the PSR evaluation method focusing on the social-ecological healthy development of rural settlements in the small watershed and the research ideas focusing on key issues. Then, taking seven typical small watersheds in Zhashui section of the Qianyou River Basin as an example and with the help of the kernel density estimation tool, the paper summarizes characteristics of the internal settlement space agglomeration and develops the concepts of the core point concentration area and the point axis concentration area that can be compared. Through the screening of evaluation parameters, it defines the two-level PSR evaluation system of small watersheds and core point concentration areas, and puts forward relevant optimization suggestions in combination with practices. It provides a more scientific research basis for the rational construction of rural settlements in small watersheds.

KEYWORDS: small watersheds; spatial agglomeration; core point agglomeration area; point axis concentration area; PSR evaluation

♦URBAN PLANNING STRATEGIES FOR HAZE MITIGATION IN WINTER CITIES: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH BASED ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL LANDSCAPE

Author: WU Wen; TANG Yu; WANG Yan; JI Xian; XIU Chunliang

ABSTRACT: Urban haze pollution is becoming increasingly prominent, particularly during the heating seasons in winter cities. This issue is usually closely related to a city’s three-dimensional form, pollution sources, traffic patterns, and meteorological conditions. This paper focuses on the spatial distribution characteristics of three kinds of particulate matter in winter cities and explores the mechanisms influencing their distribution and diffusion, as well as potential planning strategies. The particulate matter concentration on typical trunk roads within the Fourth Ring Road of Shenyang was monitored, and the three-dimensional urban landscape environment was measured using the ArcGIS platform and street view imagery. Machine learning and the structural equation model were used to analyze the relationship between particulate matter concentration and the four elements: meteorology, traffic, three-dimensional landscape, and pollution sources. The results show that meteorological factors, such as temperature and humidity, have the greatest influence on particulate matter pollution. Additionally, three-dimensional landscape factors, such as green visibility and sky openness, are also significant contributing factors. The control strategies include appropriately increasing the aspect ratio of streets, improving the interface enclosure degree, optimizing sky openness to about 0.5, and constructing urban ventilation corridors. These measures aim to reduce the accumulation and deposition of pollutants.

KEYWORDS: PM pollutant concentration; heating season; machine learning; structural equation model; winter cities

♦CONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT TOWN DEFENSE SPACE IN THE HANJIANG RIVER BASIN: A CASE STUDY OF TOWNS IN SICHUAN, SHAANXI, AND HUBEI PROVINCES IN THE SONG, YUAN, MING, AND QING DYNASTIES

Author: HU Gengen; ZHANG Wei; ZHUO Yijun

ABSTRACT: Ancient Chinese cities integrated both natural landscape and humanistic factors. Therefore, the defense space of local human settlements was established featuring both regional landscape and culture. In the Hanjiang River Basin, a linear landscaped human settlement defense system was developed along the river, closely related to the defense zones in Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Hubei provinces in the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. This paper reviews the historical stages of town defense development in the Hanjiang River Basin, and summarizes the characteristics of the defense system’s siting and layout which were a combination of scattered sites and linear concentrations in separate zones. Based on historical data documented in the military books of the Song Dynasty, as well as those in the local records and town maps of the Ming and Qing dynasties, the paper examines the layout and spatial characteristics of defense facilities in ancient towns in Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Hubei provinces during the turbulent periods of these dynasties from the perspectives of human settlement safety and defense. Furthermore, the paper delves into the adaptive evolution process of the landscaped human settlement defense system in the Hanjiang River Basin, and distills the wisdom of defense space construction in these regions in ancient China. This paper is of great significance for summarizing the local urban planning experience in the human settlement defense history in ancient China, promoting the restoration of defense space structure of the towns in the Song and Yuan dynasties, and providing new insights into the characteristics of the defense space elements of the military architectural heritage of the Ming and Qing dynasties.

KEYWORDS: Hanjiang River Basin; human settlement; defense space; Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Hubei provinces; town

♦NATIONAL UNIFICATION-ORIENTED CAPITAL PLANNING: FURTHER DISCUSSION ON THE SPATIAL FORM OF DAXING AND ITS HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN THE SUI DYNASTY

Author: LUAN Bin; SUN Hui

ABSTRACT: Daxing in the Sui Dynasty was a capital planned and constructed during the process of national unification. The construction did not focus solely on the capital city itself, but also encompassed the entire territory centered on the capital. This paper analyzes the development of the Great Unification thought in ancient China and the historical context behind the construction of Daxing. It argues that the spatial construction in areas around Daxing in the early Sui Dynasty, including the national territory, the capital’s periphery, and the capital space, was a spatial political practice that combined the Great Unification thought with the actual needs of the national unification process. The construction echoed the military, political, economic, cultural, and other needs of the time, enriching and developing the expression of the Great Unification thought in the urban space. In addition, it enhanced the role of the capital in establishing state order and shaping national identity, promoting the formation and consolidation of the unified era of the Sui and Tang dynasties.

KEYWORDS: Daxing in the Sui Dynasty; Great Unification; capital city form; territorial construction; state order

♦SQUARED BLOCK AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION: A CASE STUDY ON SOCIAL SPACE OF LUOYANG CITY IN THE NORTHERN WEI DYNASTY

Author: LI Dongquan

ABSTRACT: “Square Block” is a planning protocol first invented in the Northern Wei Dynasty when the Pingcheng City was expanded as its capital. The method was later morphed into the famous Lifang System. The design imperative of the Square Block was to ensure social segregation of different social classes. But the fact that the ruling class - the Xianbei ethnic group from north China - was implementing its policy to resettle in city proper led to a congenial environment that actually tolerated mixed-living of different social classes. According to historical literature, the residents of the Luoyang City at that time could be divided into four social classes. Through an in-depth analysis of the “Notes on Buddhist Temples in Luoyang”, the author finds that although the Square Block map has clearly divided the urban neighborhoods following a unified plan, almost all areas in the city had mixed social class dwellings, with class differentiation within a Lifang being greater than that between Lifangs. This phenomenon is known to be attributed to Xianbei ruling elites’ willingness to merge into the local culture and community. The practice of such spatial integration of different social classes and ethnic groups has much to do with ruling elites’ policy to settle locally. As we move into an era of more extensive and profound urbanization, how to properly make use of urban design and public policy to ensure urban safety as well as urban social integration has become a more and more pressing issue. Hopefully, the case of Luoyang City in the Northern Wei Dynasty could offer some useful reference.

KEYWORDS: Luoyang City in the Northern Wei Dynasty; Square Block; social stratification; social integration; Lifang; residential space differentiation