City Planning Review（2024.7）

♦THE NEW SCIENCE OF CITIES: TECHNOLOGY, COMPUTATION, EVOLUTION, AND APPLICATION

Author：LONG Ying; ZHAO Huimin; ZHANG Yecheng

ABSTRACT: The advancement of technology has significantly propelled the progression of urban science. Influenced by the Fourth Industrial Revolution, urban science has entered a new phase termed the new science of cities. This paper analyzes the origins and developmental trajectory of the new science of cities, further elaborates on the essence and scope of the new science of cities, and categorizes it into three dimensions based on the concept of using cities as laboratories. In the domain of new urban science, the emergence of voluminous, high-density, and high-frequency data, alongside the increasing adoption of proactive urban sensing technologies and innovative methodologies such as artificialintelligence, has fostered a paradigm shift in research methodologies. Regarding the science of new cities, technological advancements have profoundly impacted the urban entity, affecting individual daily activities, social organization, and urban spaces, with an escalating number of studies focusing on these emerging urban phenomena to investigate their spatiotemporal laws. In terms of future cities, the advancement of new technologies is set to drive the transformation of urban spaces, prompting urban scientists to deduce future urban spatial prototypes and innovate their creation methods. Urban scientists are urged to seize the opportunities presented by the era to collectively advance the development of the new science of cities.

KEYWORDS: the new science of cities; the Fourth Industrial Revolution; disruptive technologies; urban planning; future cities

♦EV CHARGING STATION AS EMERGING URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE: NEW SERVICE FEATURES AND PLANNING INSIGHTS

Author：SHEN Mingrui; JIANG Zhao; ZHOU Wenchang; YIN Jieqi

ABSTRACT: The study focuses on electric vehicle (EV) charging station as emerging urban infrastructure in leading cities of the Yangtze River Delta. It aims to identify similarities and differences between EV charging station and traditional facility system, analyze intrinsic characteristics from a theoretical perspective, and explore new planning interventions. This article argues that the EV charging stations represent new facilities emerging from the old system, with charging and parking as its core functions. They can support various new usage scenarios due to the extended usage duration and advanced technologies compared to traditional infrastructure. The layout and use of charging station involves varied appeals from multiple stakeholders and sectors, which poses new challenges to collaborative governance. As a policy platform to coordinate the spatial distribution of urban public resources, urban planning should integrate EV charging stations into the utility system and propose new models that incorporate aspects of “investment, financing, construction, management, and operation”. The new model should be fully compatible with the existing facility system to maintain the stable characteristics of infrastructure, while embracing the market and continuously improving user experience through technological iteration.

KEYWORDS: infrastructure; electronic vehicle; urban planning; operation and management; charging station

♦DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES: ESSENCE, FRACTAL STRUCTURE, AND CHARACTERISTIC VECTORS

Author：HE Lei; XIE Zi’ang; LI Jie

ABSTRACT: This paper aims to clarify the definition and conceptual implications of resilient cities within the domain of comprehensive urban disaster prevention planning. After a review of the development trajectory of disaster resilient cities, it deduces a logically coherent essence, fractal structure, and characteristic vectors that define such cities, which can be summarized as follows. The essence of disaster resilient cities lies in people-oriented service provisions, a dynamically adaptive evolutionary process, and cross-scale interrelation and coordination among multiple systems. Their fractal structure is unified in a high-order complex urban network structure generated by the interweaving between the physical environment system and the social network system that are connected by “node-edge” links. Based on the “structure-function” model, it identifies fourdimensional characteristic vectors: robustness, redundancy, diversity, and governance capability, each with a degree of freedom. The paper is conducive to clarifying the concept of disaster resilient cities, building a foundation for broad consensus and in-depth discussion, and forming the research boundaries in the field of urban safety and disaster prevention and mitigation, so as to promote the evolution of comprehensive disaster prevention planning theory.

KEYWORDS: disaster resilient cities; physical environment system; social network system; complex network; comprehensive disaster prevention planning

♦ANALYSIS OF RISK FORMATION AND RISK GOVERNANCE IN URBAN RENEWAL: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF RISK SOCIOLOGY

Author：LIU Hongxian; TANG Yan

ABSTRACT: As the core action in the phase of stock-based development, urban renewal is faced with complex and diverse risks, making it urgent to explore a multi-stakeholder and comprehensive risk governance system. From the cross-disciplinary perspective of risk sociology and urban-rural planning, this paper develops an analytical framework for risk formation and risk governance in urban renewal based on both theory and practice. By examining the source, evolution, and amplification of risks, it discusses risk-related actions including risk assessment, decision-making, and supervision, while providing a toolbox of multi-mode strategies. Taking the renewal and reconstruction of Enning Road in Guangzhou as an example, the paper applies this theoretical framework to analyze the generation and governance of risks in urban renewal, and looks forward to the future development of risk knowledge production and risk culture cultivation.

KEYWORDS: urban renewal; risk governance; risk amplification; risk communication; Enning Road renewal

♦TERRITORIAL PLANNING TOWARDS PRECISE GOVERNANCE: AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK BASED ON LAND OPERATION

Author：XIE Jiefeng; WANG Lei

ABSTRACT: Since the 1990s, land capitalization through land operation has enabled local governments  to  establish  a “ land - driven  development” model, which has become an important driving force for the transition of China’s economic structure. In view of the studies on the interplay between spatial planning and land operation, there is a lack of overall systematic thinking, as most of them focus on fragmented elements like land value, land use layout, land supply sequence, and planning implementation path. As a result, unreasonable phenomena, such as “financial investment to attract planning” and “planning for financial interests”, have frequently arisen, to which effective responses are required. On this basis, through an analysis on the way of land operation and the acting path of spatial planning, this paper endeavors to establish a spatial planning analysis framework based on land operation and further proposes corresponding measures from the perspective of territorial planning in line with thetrend of land operation transformation in the new stage of ecological progress advancement.

KEYWORDS: land operation; spatial governance; territorial planning; transformation

♦COORDINATION BETWEEN THE PROTECTION RESPONSIBILITY AND THE DEVELOPMENT RIGHT: A STUDY ON THE THEORETICAL BASIS AND DEMARCATION RULES OF THE “THREE LINES”

Author：CHENG Maoji

ABSTRACT: The coordinated demarcation of the “three lines” is an important measure to implement the national policy of guaranteeing food and ecological security, improve the system of territorial and spatial protection and development, and strengthen the regulation of land uses. Moreover, it is also the basic condition for the formulation of territorial planning at all levels. The formation of demarcation rules of “three lines” has gone through a long period of exploration and game, the focus of which lies in how to balance the protection responsibility and the development right. The core concept guiding the demarcation of the “three lines” is the holistic approach to national security, the institutional basis is the territorial and spatial governance system, and the technical support is the result of “double evaluation”. Regarding the importance of ecological function and the principle of seeking truth from facts, the red line of ecological protection is demarcated; following the principle of unified rules and layer-by-layer decomposition, the tasks of farmland protection and permanent basic farmland demarcation determined by the national strategy and the expansion multiple of urban development boundaries is put down to specific spaces. As the demarcation rules lay more emphases on policy-making logic and nationwide unity, inevitably there are some flaws that affect the scientificity of the demarcation, such as insufficient support of “double evaluation”, insufficient reflection of regional differences in the decomposition of protection responsibility and the allocation of spatial development rights, scattered layout of farmland, and spatial fragmentation of some newly-built urban areas. It is necessary to put forward improvement measures in the future special planning, detailed planning and planning governance system to provide support for promoting the level of territorial and spatial governance and perfecting the basic theoretical system of territorial planning in China.

KEYWORDS: “three lines”; holistic approach to national security; territorial master planning

♦A STUDY ON URBAN DESIGN SYSTEM BASED ON URBANIZATION RATE AND GOVERNANCE TRADITION: WITH SEVEN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AS EXAMPLES

Author：HAN Jingbei

ABSTRACT:  Since the 2015 Central Urban Work Conference, the development of urban design in China has entered a new stage. Currently, China’s urbanization rate has approached 70%, indicating that it is time to establish a comprehensive urban design system. However, guiding principles and related systems have not yet been formed for the construction of the institutional framework in China’s urban design, for which the experience of establishing urban design systems in other countries can be taken as reference. Taking seven developed countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, France, Japan, South Korea, and New Zealand, as examples, this paper analyzes in detail the process and characteristics of urban design system construction in these countries from the two dimensions of urbanization stage and governance tradition. On this basis, the paper endeavors to elucidate the laws governing urban design system construction through comparative analysis, and proposes some suggestions for the construction of a comprehensive urban design system in China.

KEYWORDS: urban design; system construction; urbanization stage; urban design systems abroad; system comparison

♦A QUANTITATIVE EXTRACTION METHOD OF URBAN COLOR CHARACTERISTICS: BASED ON THE COMPARISON OF 20 CHINESE CITIES

Author：LU Xu; WANG Yibo; HUANG Shan; CHENG Lin; ZHANG Yiyun

ABSTRACT: To avoid homogenization of urban identity, it is necessary to analyze the current color tone of a city to develop unique color landscape with local characteristics in urban color planning. This paper first analyzes the concepts of prevalent color and color tone from a theoretical level. Then based on the field survey data and street map data of 20 Chinese cities, the paper quantitatively extracts the prevalent color chromatogram common to most cities and the unique basic color chromatogram of each city from the existing building facade colors, and carries out a comparative study on the color tone characteristics of these cities. The findings reveal that, based on the prevalent color of most cities, the characteristics of color tone of a city can be quantitatively extracted, and then the areas with unique color landscape of the city can be demarcated. This method helps to explore the formation mechanisms and protection measures of urban color characteristics. Meanwhile, taking up a high proportion in urban color, the prevalent color and color tone have an important reference value for urban color research and planning.

KEYWORDS: urban color; basic color; urban landscape feature; prevalent color; color planning

♦FROM LANDSCAPE-PRODUCTION TO PLACEMAKING: EVIDENCE-BASED THEORY OF TRADITIONAL VILLAGE RENEWAL

Author：ZHOU Kun; WANG Jin

ABSTRACT: Traditional villages are facing the challenge of balancing protection and development, and the renewal theory is still controversial. This paper reveals the practical crisis of traditional village renewal under the guidance of landscape production, introduces the theory of placemaking, studies the meaning and content of placemaking in traditional village renewal, and puts forward three placemaking objectives: place sustainability, cultivation of place attachment, and place identity. Based on the case of Dong Minority Village in Zhaoxing, Guizhou Province, the paper proposes that physical space and abstract space constitute the basic form of the traditional villages. Over time, the meaning of place undergoes a transformation from the individual to the collective and then to the general, which provides basic elements for placemaking. The order based on etiquette and time connects people, vernacular landscape, and local space, and condenses the three together in the place, which is the basic rule of placemaking in traditional villages.

KEYWORDS: placemaking; traditional village renewal; placeness; evidence-based theory; practice strategy

♦IMPLEMENTATION PRACTICE AND ADAPTATION OF TRADITIONAL VILLAGE PROTECTION SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF “SYSTEM AND LIFE”: A CASE STUDY OF SUZHOU

Author：WANG Yong; XIA Jian; ZHOU Min; QIN Tian; LI Guangbin

ABSTRACT:  In the context of social transformation, traditional village space is becoming increasingly detached from the needs of modern life, and the contradiction between protection and development has been transformed into the one between the protection system and villagers’ daily life. Based on the framework of “system and life”, this paper analyzes the implementation practice of the traditional village protection system and its effect from a micro-dynamic perspective with Suzhou serving as a case study, in an endeavor to reveal the internal logic underlying the adaptation of the protection system. The paper posits that the initial design of the protection system, characterized by an “imbalance between power and responsibility” and an “imbalance between rights and obligations”, has caused many difficulties in villagers’ life when the system was implemented, resulting in villagers’ dissatisfaction with the system. Furthermore, the selective implementation of the system by organizations at the primary level has weakened the enforcement effect of the protection system. Based on the feedback from the protection system implementation practice, the system makers have incorporated the reasonable demands of villagers’ daily life into the construction and subsequent revision of the protection system following the principle that the higher-level organization should assume more responsibilities while the primary-level villagers should enjoy more rights. This adaption not only enhances the coordination between system and life, but also improves the implementation effect of the protection system.

KEYWORDS: traditional village; protection system; system adaptation; system and life; Suzhou

♦A STUDY ON THE COUPLING OF HUMAN-LAND SPACE IN TRADITIONAL RURAL FAIR IN ZHANGQIU DISTRICT OF JINAN CITY

Author：ZHAO Liang; ZHANG Xiaotian; YANG Yang; WANG Yuetao

ABSTRACT: As one of the core elements of rural basic public service facilities, Traditional rural fair is an important supporting point to promote urban-rural integration and human-land coupling development. Taking the Traditional rural fair in Zhangqiu District of Jinan City as the research object, on the basis of combing the spatial and temporal context of the Traditional rural fair in Zhangqiu District, this paper establishes a coupling evaluation system of the Traditional rural fair covering the elements of the location, period, and culture of the fair, and analyzes the coupling characteristics of the human-land space of the fair from a quantitative perspective. The paper summarizes the hierarchical characteristics of the center and peripheral area of the fair service system, the efficiency characteristics of the convergence and separation of the spatial and temporal layout of the fair period, and the closed and open inheritance characteristics of the historic and cultural relics of the fair. According to the evaluation results, in view of the contradictions existing in the humanland space of the Traditional rural fair in Zhangqiu District, the paper also proposes the spatial strategies such as the balanced optimization of the spatial distribution and system of the fair, the efficiency optimization of the space-time coordination and interlacing of the fair, and the value optimization of the inheritance and continuation of the cultural heritage of the fair.

KEYWORDS: Traditional rural fair; human-land space; coupling; Zhangqiu District of Jinan City

♦THEORETICAL ORIGIN, EVOLUTIONARY STAGES, AND ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK OF CHILD-FRIENDLY CITIES: RESEARCH PROSPECTS OF ALL-AGE FRIENDLY CITIES FROM A CHILDHOOD PERSPECTIVE

Author：WU Zhaofan

ABSTRACT: Research on child-friendly cities is an integral part of the Global Childhood Research Movement, emerging under the influence of new sociology of childhood, feminist theory, and postmodern space theory. It has gone through several developmental phases: a period of germination from the 1970s to the 1980s, a period of exploration from the 1990s to the end of the 20th century, and a period of maturation from the 21st century to the present. During this process, the analytical framework has roughly transitioned from a focus on “age - development” to “social construction”, and then to “social structure”. In response to the current neglect of the shift from a child to a childhood perspective, China’s child-friendly cities should harness the momentum of the Global Childhood Research Movement. They should pay attention to the spatial issues arising under “intergenerational relations and generational structure”, revitalize the educational and natural attributes of space, and propose urban development strategies focusing on multi-generational childhood and all-age friendly city programs from a childhood perspective. This approach will help to realize the coordination between people (in their childhood stages) and place (urban space).

KEYWORDS: child-friendly cities; theoretical tracing; evolutionary stages; analytical framework; childhood perspective; all-age friendly