City Planning Review（2023.4）

♦FROM CONTROL TO REGULATION: EXPLORATION ON THE RULE OF LAW IN DETAILED PLANNING

Author：CHEN Lu; ZHOU Jianyun; LI Jianjun; PANG Xiaomei

ABSTRACT: The idea of the rule of law is an important foundation and prerequisite for realizing the rule of law in planning. In order to discuss the rule of law of detailed planning during the transformation of the territorial planning system, this paper analyzes the differences between "rule by law" and "rule of law". Then from the perspective of the relationship between power, right, and law, the paper conducts an in-depth exploration on the "rule by law" implementation dilemma of previous regulatory planning. In view of the goal and status of territorial detailed planning, it fully demonstrates the possibility of applying "land use regulation zoning" in territorial detailed planning, and clarifies the necessity of the transformation of territorial detailed planning from "control" to "regulation".

KEYWORDS: territorial detailed planning; control; regulation; zoning; rule of law

♦IMPLEMENTABLE DETAILED PLANNING FEATURING EXTENSIVE CONSULTATION AND SHARED GOVERNANCE: EXPLORATION ON CONNOTATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF COMPREHENSIVE IMPLEMENTATION PLANNING SCHEMES OF BEIJING

Author：ZHAO Yongjian; XU Biying; WANG Ruobing

ABSTRACT: Comprehensive implementation planning scheme is an innovation of Beijing under the background of the territorial planning system reform and a means to achieve high-quality implementation in the last mile of planning. On the basis of summarizing the evolution of Beijing’s implementable detailed planning and the needs of the times, this paper starts with the territorial planning system reform in Beijing and analyzes the system positioning, basic concept, efficiency, and connotation of comprehensive implementation planning schemes. Focusing on the transformation of planning compilation and management ideas from spatial management to multi-governance, the paper discusses the systematic transformation in three aspects, including the compilation content, compilation and review methods, and implementation modes of comprehensive implementation planning schemes. Focusing on the compilation technology method, it analyzes its innovative characteristics from "menu-style and customized" planning technical modules, four applicable planning scenarios, guidance for featured differences, and implementation path guarantees, providing a useful reference for the implementable detailed planning compilation and management methods.

KEYWORDS: Beijing; implementation schemes; compilation and management ideas; multi-plan integration; synthetic consultation; practicability

♦CONSIDERATION ON THE LOGIC OF HIERARCHICAL SPATIAL GOVERNANCE ORIENTED AT TERRITORIAL PLANNING

Author：WANG Weixi; CAO Chun

ABSTRACT: With the establishment of the basic territorial planning framework, China preliminarily has formed the governance and control pattern which combines the bottom-line control with the function zoning guidance. However, most of current researches on the control of territorial planning in China lacks a perspective from diverse angles to consider the logic behind the demarcation of control boundaries. Therefore, on the basis of further identifying the intrinsic relationship between the three zones and the three lines, this article analyzes the selection of governance value and control capacity at different levels, in order to consider and explore the logic of spatial control boundary demarcation under the multi-level territorial planning system, thereby providing logical support for more precise, coordinated and implementable hierarchical spatial governance and control strategy.

KEYWORDS: territorial planning; hierarchical perspective; spatial governance and control boundary; logic of spatial governance and control

♦CONSIDERATION ON THE LOGIC OF HIERARCHICAL SPATIAL GOVERNANCE ORIENTED AT TERRITORIAL PLANNING

Author：WANG Weixi; CAO Chun

ABSTRACT: With the establishment of the basic territorial planning framework, China preliminarily has formed the governance and control pattern which combines the bottom-line control with the function zoning guidance. However, most of current researches on the control of territorial planning in China lacks a perspective from diverse angles to consider the logic behind the demarcation of control boundaries. Therefore, on the basis of further identifying the intrinsic relationship between the three zones and the three lines, this article analyzes the selection of governance value and control capacity at different levels, in order to consider and explore the logic of spatial control boundary demarcation under the multi-level territorial planning system, thereby providing logical support for more precise, coordinated and implementable hierarchical spatial governance and control strategy.

KEYWORDS: territorial planning; hierarchical perspective; spatial governance and control boundary; logic of spatial governance and control

♦CONSIDERATION ON THE LOGIC OF HIERARCHICAL SPATIAL GOVERNANCE ORIENTED AT TERRITORIAL PLANNING

Author：WANG Weixi; CAO Chun

ABSTRACT: With the establishment of the basic territorial planning framework, China preliminarily has formed the governance and control pattern which combines the bottom-line control with the function zoning guidance. However, most of current researches on the control of territorial planning in China lacks a perspective from diverse angles to consider the logic behind the demarcation of control boundaries. Therefore, on the basis of further identifying the intrinsic relationship between the three zones and the three lines, this article analyzes the selection of governance value and control capacity at different levels, in order to consider and explore the logic of spatial control boundary demarcation under the multi-level territorial planning system, thereby providing logical support for more precise, coordinated and implementable hierarchical spatial governance and control strategy.

KEYWORDS: territorial planning; hierarchical perspective; spatial governance and control boundary; logic of spatial governance and control

♦RESEARCH ON THE REPRESENTATION AND DYNAMIC MECHANISM OF ENVIRONMENTAL GENTRIFICATION OF XI’AN, CHINA

Author：SUN Peng; YU Pei; ZHAO Xiaoliang; SU Yuanli

ABSTRACT:"Environmental gentrification" means the influx of high-income group and the displacement of local residents due to the improvement of green space. Taking Xi'an as a case area, this paper comprehensively adopts spatial statistical analysis and qualitative research to explore the representation and the dynamic mechanism of environmental gentrification. The results show that the areas with "high-high concentration" of green space and housing prices have the characteristics of environmental gentrification, and the construction of public green spaces, such as the Qujiang Pool Relic Park, has caused changes including the improvement of the physical environment of surrounding communities, the rise of housing prices of nearby green spaces, and the reconstruction of social groups. The "ecological rent gap" on the supply side and the "green consumption" on the demand side jointly drive the emergence of environmental gentrification, in which the local government plays a leading role via administrative power to intervene in the process of environmental gentrification at both ends of supply and demand. The environmental gentrification has both positive and negative effects. On the one hand, it promotes the balanced distribution of green space resources, improves the life quality of residents, and promotes economic development. On the other hand, it also leads to the splitting of the social network and direct or indirect displacement of local residents. Due to differences in urban development stage and practice mode, the environmental gentrification of Xi’an is significantly different from Western countries in terms of location, dynamics mechanism, participants, and form of displacement.

KEYWORDS: environmental gentrification; representation; mechanism; sustainable development; Xi'an

♦HOLISM: THE “TAO” OF SPATIAL GOVERNANCE IN GUANZI AND ITS MODERN ENLIGHTENMENT

Author：HUANG Junlin

ABSTRACT: According to Guanzi, "heaven, earth, and man" constitute a harmonious and balanced organic system with the Tao as its core, and they follow a common basic law, revealing the consistency of natural phenomena and human qualities. This paper analyzes the philosophy of governance in Guanzi, which upholds the values of "people as the foundation of the country", "justice and profit of equal importance", and "restoring peace to the country", explaining the ontological recognition of "ritual and law" as tools of good governance through a discussion of the tools and relationships between "rule by rites" and "rule by law". Guanzi adopts the methodology of "giving for getting" and "adhering to the classics and achieving changes", and carries out spatial governance practices based on "three kingdoms and five administrative regions", "uniform component", "performing according to the natural law" and "harmony between man and nature", so as to realize the harmonious coexistence of "man and heaven, then make beautiful things happen in the nature". In conclusion, the "holism" governance framework developed by Guanzi not only has positive implications for solving modern spatial governance problems, but also fully embodies the Chinese discourse of "governance" mode in the context of cultural confidence. It is relevant and practically useful for the establishment of a spatial governance system, improvement of the theoretical system, and modernization of governance capacity.

KEYWORDS: Guanzi; holism; spatial governance; harmony between man and nature; modernization

♦A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DIFFERENTIATION OF NEW MIGRANT’S RESIDENCE, WORKSPACE, AND ACTIVITY SPACE IN SHANGHAI

Author：LI Manxue; XIAO Yang

ABSTRACT: Nowadays, achieving common prosperity and promoting the spatial integration of social groups are important issues that China faces for its social and economic development. With the development of information technology, differentiation of residents' activity space has received increasing attention, but a systematic study on different types of spatial differentiation has not been carried out. Based on the 2019 cell phone signaling data in Shanghai, this paper explores the spatial distribution patterns and characteristics of new migrants in terms of residence, workspace, and activity space at the municipal level, and examines their spatial coupling through models, such as correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression. The results show that: residential differentiation is the most serious among new migrants in Shanghai, followed by workspace differentiation, while activity space differentiation is relatively mild. There is a spatially significant positive correlation among these three types of spatial differentiation. The study suggests optimizing the socio-spatial structure of Shanghai from two dimensions: urban polycentricity and 15-minute pedestrian neighborhoods in suburban communities.

KEYWORDS: newmigrant; residential differentiation; workplace differentiation; activity space differentiation; comparison on spatial differentiation

♦WHY CAN'T WESTERN URBAN DESIGN FULLY DISPLAY CHINESE URBAN AESTHETICS: ANALYSIS OF THREE PROBLEMS FROM THE CHINESE SHANSHUI POETRY AND PAINTING PERSPECTIVE

Author：TAO Tao; LIU Quan

ABSTRACT: From the practical experience of planning and design, the Western urban design methods originated in Europe and America have been inherited and developed in urban planning and design in China, but they cannot fully display Chinese urban aesthetics in the process of shaping urban characteristics. Through an analysis, it can be found that in the Chinese city making tradition, shanshui poetry and painting culture of scholar bureaucrats is of great significance to the shaping of Chinese urban aesthetics. However, the Western urban design method with visual perception as the main means lacks the response to the abovementioned complicated Chinese urban aesthetic dimensions, including three aspects: the refining of the characteristics of poetry and painting conception, the structure of spiritual wandering, and the space element integration of five senses. Through comparison, this paper summarizes the crux of the problem that Western urban design cannot fully display Chinese urban aesthetics, and explores the path of Chinese urban design.

KEYWORDS: urban design; urban aesthetics; cityscape feature; shanshui city; poetry and painting; scholar bureaucrats

♦MECHANISM OF PUBLIC INTEREST CAPTURE AND DISSIPATION IN URBAN REGENERATION: BASED ON A RENT GAP MODEL OPTIMIZED BY THE THEORY OF PUBLIC DOMAIN OF PROPERTY RIGHTS

Author：LIANG Yinlong

ABSTRACT: From the perspective of the rent gap, the public interest in urban regeneration can be seen as a form of public attribute rent gap that the public entrusts the government to capture. Maximizing the capture of public interests is the core goal of urban regeneration. However, the marketoriented regeneration dominated by developers has generally led to the dissipation of public interests. This paper optimizes the rent gap model from the perspective of "public domain', incorporates property definition and rent-capturing subjects into the rent gap model, and constructs an explanatory logic of "property definition – land rent generation – rent gap distribution – public interest capture and dissipation". It is found that the capture and dissipation of public interest is the comprehensive result of property definition, rent gap distribution, and government intervention, in which government intervention plays a core role. In the two stages of the initial definition and restructuring of property rights, there exist three typical types of the public domain of property rights: informal space land rent, public interest, and releasable potential land rent. The government changes the distribution of the rent gap through the differential intervention of the above-mentioned land rent that falls into the public domain, thus affecting the process of urban regeneration and the capture and dissipation of public interests. Finally, this paper suggests that effective governance of the public domain of property rights in urban regeneration should be strengthened to protect the capture of public interests in urban regeneration.

KEYWORDS: urban regeneration; public interest capture; public interest dissipation; public domain of property rights; rent gap theory

♦FROM SELF-GOVERNANCE TO CO-GOVERNANCE: THEORIZATION ON “NEW RURAL COMMUNITAS” IN THE MODERN AGE

Author：LI Wenqi

ABSTRACT:Since the theory of Community (Gemeinschaft) has been put forward by Ferdinand T?nnies, rural community has been an important theoretical perspective for observing traditional rural society. Based on that, this paper puts forward the question of "whether community still exists in the modern rural society". First, the paper examines the three stages of development of Chinese rural community under the influence of state power and market/society, which are: the weakening of internal organizational capacity of rural community, the continuous strengthening of state intervention, and the gradual promotion of economic and social mobility. Entering the 21^st century, rural community is faced with both endogenous and exogenous challenges, but it still has the possibility of further development. On the one hand, rural community, as a grassroots governance unit and a subject representing the common interests of villages, has the necessity of existence; on the other hand, it faces the inevitability of transformation, which requires both endogenous regeneration and exogenous development. For future development, this paper proposes a theoretical framework of "new rural communitas" by integrating the endogenous force, government force, and market/social force. The "new rural communitas" takes the cultivation of endogenous force as the basis, the balance of interests among the three forces as the cooperative relationship, the development of endogenous force as the core, and the dynamic adjustment of government and market/social forces as the law of interaction. The aim of theorizing the "new rural communitas" is to provide ideas for rural modernization and guidance for rural co-construction.

KEYWORDS: theory of Community; rural community; rural governance; endogenous force; government force; market; society

♦RESEARCH ON EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL PLANNING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CENTRAL-LOCAL GOVERNMENT RELATIONSHIP REFORM

Author：XU Jiaming

ABSTRACT: Under the background of the transformation of government functions and economic development, establishing a planning theory suitable for China's situation to promote the development of spatial planning becomes the focus in the academic field. From the perspective of China’s central-local government relationship reform, the evolution of spatial planning since 1949 is analyzed, which goes through four stages of "initial construction – differentiation – conflict – reconstruction". Based on the theoretical framework of spatial planning evolution from the perspective of game theory, the internal relationship between economic institutional change and the evolution of spatial planning is explored through the interpretation of "subject goal orientation – game strategy selection – policy change explanation". It is pointed out that the innovative development of spatial planning should not be limited to itself, but should return to the profound social reality. Guided by the development concept of "government governance, regional cooperation, and ecological construction" and the principle of matching and balancing of central-local financial and administrative power, the paper discusses the development key points of the spatial planning of "division of rights and responsibilities, transmission from top to bottom, and periodic feedback".

KEYWORDS: spatial planning; game theory; central-local government relationship; evolution and development; China’s situation